Transformations Around the Globe Ch.12

1. Opium Wars  Wars between Britain and China over the Opium trade  Frist Opium War  Second Opium War

2. Extraterritorial rights  Rights of foreign residents to follow the laws of their own government rather than that of the host country

3. Taiping Rebellion  Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China which lasted from

4. Open Door Policy (1899)  Policy proposed by the United States giving all nations equal opportunities to trade in China

5. Boxer Rebellion (1900)  Rebellion aimed at ending foreign influence in China

6. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)  Treaty between the U.S. and Japan that opened trade between the two nations

7. Meiji Era ( )  Period of rule led by Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito

8. Russo-Japanese War ( )  War between Russia and Japan that first established the Japanese empire

9. annexation  Adding of territory

10. Monroe Doctrine (1823)  U.S. statement of opposition to European influence in the Americas

11. Jose Marti  Cuban writer in exile in New York who fought for Cuba’s independence from Spain

12. Spanish-American War (1898)  War between Spain and the U.S. over Cuba’s independence

13. Panama Canal  Man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

14. Roosevelt Corollary (1904)  Addition to the Monroe Doctrine that the U.S. had the right to exercise “police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

15. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna  Leader in Mexico's fight for independence

16. Benito Juarez  Leader of La Reforma  President of Mexico

17. La Reforma  Movement in Mexico aimed at achieving land reform, better education, and other goals for the poor

18. Porfirio Diaz  Dictator who came to power after Juarez and held it from 1877 until 1911

19. Francisco Madero  Enemy of Diaz who believed in democracy and overthrew the Diaz government

20. Francisco “Pancho” Villa  Popular leader o the Mexican revolution who also attacked U.S. citizens in Mexico and crossed the border into New Mexico

21. Emiliano Zapata  Leader of a powerful revolutionary army in Mexico against the Carranza government

China Resists Outside Influence Ch.12 section 1

China and the West  Because of pride in their own culture, the Chinese looked down on all foreigners  In 1793, the Chinese agreed to meet with an ambassador from England.  However, they were unimpressed with what he had to offer and rejected their trade offers.

China and the West  China was self-sufficient and didn’t need to trade with the western nations.  They had rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and peanuts to feed their large population.  They also had mining and manufacturing industries in salt, tin, silver, and iron.  They also produced high quality cotton, silk, and porcelain.

The Opium War (1839)  Western nations were determined to find a product that the Chinese would buy in large quantities.  Though the Chinese already had opium, Europeans started smuggling it into the country for non-medical use.  Opium is a habit forming narcotic made from a poppy plant.  By 1835 as many as 12 million Chinese were addicted to smoking opium.

The Opium War (1839)  The Qing emperor wrote a letter to Queen Victoria of England protesting the trade of opium in China.  He argued that since the drug was illegal in England, they should not be allowed to sell it in China.  The Queen never replied and the British refused to stop selling opium.

The Opium War (1839)  War broke out in  The war was fought mostly on sea.  The Chinese navy was not nearly as advanced as Britain’s so the Chinese suffered a humiliating defeat.  The British won the island of Hong Kong and won the right for their citizens to not have to follow Chinese law.

Taiping Rebellion  During the 1830s, Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”  Taiping = “great peace” in Chinese  His idea was that all would share in China’s wealth and no one would live in poverty.

Taiping Rebellion  By 1864, Hong controlled a vast area in southern China.  Chinese imperial troops, British, and French all fought against and defeated Hong’s forces.  As many as 20 million died in the rebellion.

Boxer Rebellion  Poor peasants and workers in China resented the special privileges given to foreigners.  They hated Chinese Christians for adopting a foreign faith.  The peasants and workers formed a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists. (Boxers)

Boxer Rebellion  In 1900, Boxers marched on Beijing and surrounded the European section of the city.  They kept the city under siege until August when 19k foreign troops defeated them.  Even though the rebellion failed, the Chinese people recognized that they somehow needed to rid their country of foreign influence.

Beginnings of Reform  In 1905, members of the royal court took a world tour to study different governments.  They recommended that China restructure its government.  The changes were slow and China continued to experience civil unrest for the next four decades.

M ODERNIZATION IN J APAN Ch.12 Section 2

Japan Ends its Isolation  Like China, the Japanese were isolated and resisted foreign contact and trade.  In 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry sailed four ships into Tokyo Harbor.  These large steamships and their guns shocked and impressed the Japanese.

The U.S. Opens Japan  Perry carried a letter from President Millard Fillmore asking the Japanese to open their ports.  In 1854, Japan opened two ports to U.S. ships with the Treaty of Kanagawa.  Soon other powers traded with Japan and even had extraterritorial rights.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Emperor Mutsuhito

Meiji Reform and Modernization  In 1867 Emperor Mutsuhito took power.  He chose the name Meiji for his reign, which means “enlightened rule”  He felt the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize.  Mutsuhito adopted what he felt were the best parts of Western civilization.  Japan also industrialized and became competitive with Western nations.

Imperial Japan  As Japan gained military, political, and economic strength, it sought to eliminate extraterritorial rights for foreigners.  In 1894, the foreign powers had their extraterritorial rights abolished.  The Japanese assured them that their citizens would be treated fairly.

Japan Attacks China  Both China and Japan considered Korea an important trading partner.  In 1885, both countries signed an agreement to not send their armies into Korea.  In June 1894, rebellions broke out in Korea and the Korean king asked the Chinese for help.

Sino-Japanese War  Japan, feeling its interests were threatened, sent troops to go fight the Chinese.  Japan destroyed the Chinese navy in just a few months.  In 1895, Japan and China signed a peace treaty.  Japan gained territory in Manchuria from the Chinese and the Pescadores Islands.

Russo-Japanese War  After Japan’s victory over China, Japan and Russia emerged as the powers in East Asia.  In 1903, Japan offered to recognize Russia’s rights in Manchuria if Russia agreed to stay out of Korea.  Russia refused and in 1904 the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the Russian navy.

Russo-Japanese War  Japan destroyed both Russia’s Pacific fleet and its Baltic fleet.  Japanese troops also forced the Russians out of Korea and Manchuria.  Their 1905 peace treaty gave all the captured territory to Japan.

Japanese Occupation of Korea  In 1905, Japan made Korea a protectorate.  In 1907, Japan officially annexed Korea.  The Japanese were harsh rulers.  Korean newspapers were shut down and their schools were taken over.  Study of the Korean language and history was replaced with study of Japanese subjects.

U.S. Economic Imperialism Ch.12 Section 3

Colonial Legacy in Latin America  Pre and post-independence Latin America operated under a system called peonage.  Under this system, wealthy landowners paid their workers in vouchers which were only good at the landowners stores.  Wages remained low and prices for goods high so many workers went into debt and stayed there.

Post Independence LA  Newly formed governments confiscated lands from natives and the Catholic Church.  To raise money, they sold these lands to the only people who could afford them; the already wealthy landowners.

Political Instability  After independence many military dictators (caudillos) ruled these new countries unopposed.  They were backed by the military and supported by landowners who feared losing their wealth and status.

Latin American Economies  Dependent on one or two products, LA was dependent upon Europe and the U.S. to import manufactured goods into their countries.  With the invention of steamships, railroads, and refrigeration, LA, began to export more.  LA also used little of their export money to build roads, schools, or hospitals.  They didn’t fund anything that would make them self-sufficient.  Instead, they received high percentage loans from Euro and the U.S.

The Monroe Doctrine  In 1823 U.S. President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine  It states that “the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

Cuba Declares Independence  Cuba first declared independence in 1868 and fought a ten-year war, which they lost.  In 1895, Cuban writer Jose Marti, returned to Cuba to launch a second war.  Because of economic interests and Spanish brutality, the Americans joined the war on the Cuban’s side in  The Spanish-American War lasted about four months.

The Spanish-American War  The U.S. launched its first attack on the Philippine Islands.  The Spanish were not prepared to fight a two front war and quickly lost.  Spain lost the last of its colonies to the U.S. (Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines)  In 1901, Cuba became independent, but was still under control of a U.S. military government.

The Panama Canal  The U.S. became interested in building a canal b/c the cost of traveling from coast to coast was too expensive.  President Theodore Roosevelt ( ) offered Colombia $10 million to build a canal in Panama.  Colombia demanded more money so the U.S. responded by encouraging a revolution in Panama.

The Panama Canal  In 1903, with help from the U.S. Navy, Panama won its independence.  Construction lasted from 1904 to 1914 and the canal quickly became a crossroads for world trade.

The Roosevelt Corollary  To protect its economic interests in Central and South America, President Roosevelt issued an extension (corollary) to the Monroe Doctrine.  The Roosevelt Corollary gave the U.S. the right to be “an international police power” in the Western Hemisphere.

T URMOIL AND C HANGE IN M EXICO Section 4

Mexico’s Post-Colonial Problems  Mexico experienced the long-term political instability as other former Spanish colonies.  They also had to deal with an emerging power in the United States, which wanted to expand its territory from coast to coast.  All over Latin America, the U.S. was known as the “Colossus of the North”

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna  Fought against the Spanish for Mexican independence in 1821 and again in 1829 when they tried to retake Mexico.  In 1833, he became Mexico’s president and one of the most powerful caudillos in Latin America.  Between 1833 and 1855 he was president four times.

The Texas Revolt  In the 1820s Mexico encouraged American citizens to move to Mexico to populate the country.  Tension mounted between the Anglo population and the Mexicans on several issues, including slavery and religion.  The Mexicans wouldn’t give the Texans more self-government.  Stephen Austin encouraged a revolt against Mexico in 1835.

Texas gets Independence  Santa Anna won a few early battles including a bitter one at the Alamo in San Antonio.  His troops were defeated and he was captured.  Texas leader Sam Houston let Santa Anna go if he recognized Texan independence.  Santa Anna returned to Mexico in 1836 and was ousted from power.

 Republic of Texas

The Fall of Santa Anna  The U.S. annexed Texas in 1845 and Mexico considered it an act of aggression.  In a dispute over the border, the U.S. invaded and defeated Mexico in two years.  In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the U.S. gained the upper 1/3 Mexico.  Santa Anna went into exile in 1855 for 20 years and returned to Mexico forgotten.

Benito Juarez  Ancestry and racial background were important elements of political power in  Mexico.  Benito Juarez was a native Indian.  He received a law degree in 1831 and opened a law office in Oaxaca.  Juarez quickly gained a reputation for honesty, integrity, hard work, and good judgment.

La Reforma  In 1848, Juarez started a political movement called La Reforma.  Its goals were redistribution of land, separation of church and state, and increased educational opportunities for the poor.  After a period of exile and civil war, Juarez was elected president of Mexico in 1861.

Porfirio Diaz: “Order and Progress”  Diaz became popular as a general during the civil war and the fight against French occupation.  He became a powerful caudillo who offered land, power, or political favors to anyone who supported him.  Those who refused to support him were beaten or put in jail.

Porfirio Diaz: “Order and Progress”  Using his harsh methods he stayed in power from 1876 to 1911, and oversaw a period of stability and progress.  However, landowners continued to gain more wealth and the poor grew poorer.

Porfirio Diaz