1) Precedent: An act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed. 2) Excise Tax: A tax on luxury or unnecessary items. 3) Whiskey Rebellion: 1794 uprising in Western Pennsylvania that opposed the federal excise tax on whiskey. 4) Loose Constructionist: The belief that the government has any power not forbidden by the Constitution.

5) Alien and Sedition Acts: 1789 laws that allowed the government to imprison or deport immigrants, and to prosecute anyone who spoke against the federal government. 6) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: State resolutions passed in 1789 declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional. 7) XYZ Affair: a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War.

8) Political Party: An organization of people that seeks to win elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy. 9) Democratic-Republican Party: Led by Thomas Jefferson, one of the first political parties in the United States. They generally represented poor farmers and common people from the South and West. 10) Strict Constructionist: The belief that the government is limited to powers clearly stated in the Constitution.

11) Louisiana Purchase: 1803 purchase from France by the United States of the territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. 12) Lewis and Clark Expedition: 1804 expedition sent by President Jefferson to explore the newly-acquired Louisiana Purchase.

13) Embargo: Official ban or restriction on trade. 14) Impressment: Policy of seizing people or property for military or public service.

15) War of 1812: War between the United States and Great Britain over shipping rights. 16) “The Star Spangled Banner”: Poem that was inspired by the Battle of Ft. McHenry, and later was adopted as the national anthem of the U.S. 17) Treaty of Ghent: 1814 agreement that ended the War of 1812.

18) Judicial Review: The power of the Supreme Court to decide whether the acts of a President or laws passed by Congress are constitutional. 19) Marbury v. Madison: 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review. 20) The Monroe Doctrine: Foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere.