The Reproductive Glands and Hormones Gonads are ovaries in women and testes in men. −Testes produce testosterone. −Major female hormones Estrogen Progesterone Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

The Genital System: Anatomy and Physiology Controls reproductive processes −Gametes are sex cells (haploid cells). Carry genetic instructions −Zygote is the first fertilized cell (diploid cells) Carry two of each of the 23 chromosomes Physical traits are determined by dominant and recessive alleles.

Male Reproductive System and Organs Primary sex organs consist of two testes −Sperm cells and sex hormones are formed.

Male Reproductive System and Organs

Testes −Spermatogenic cells forms sperm cells. −Interstitial cells produce sex hormones. −Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells regulate sperm cells. −Sperm cells collect in seminiferous tubule, pass to epididymis, and then mature.

Male Reproductive System and Organs Spermatogenesis −During embryonic development, spermatogonia undergo mitosis, creating two cells. One becomes the primary spermatocyte, which reproduces during puberty via meiosis.

Male Reproductive System and Organs

Male internal accessory organs include: −Two epididymides −Two vasa deferentia −Two ejaculatory ducts −Urethra −Two seminal vesicles −Prostate gland −Two bulbourethral glands

Male Reproductive System and Organs Male external reproductive organs include: −Scrotum −Penis Root Body (shaft) Glans

Male Reproductive System and Organs Male sex hormones −Androgens are mostly produced by testicular interstitial cells. −Testosterone is the most important androgen. Enlarges testes and accessory reproductive organs Develops the male secondary sex characteristics

Female Reproductive System and Organs Produce and maintain egg cells (oocytes) Principal organs include ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia

Female Reproductive System and Organs Ovaries −Perform three main functions: Production of immature female gametes Secretion of female sex hormones Secretion of inhibin

Female Reproductive System and Organs Ovaries −Oogenesis is the process of egg cell formation. Ovulation is the process of the primary oocyte undergoing oogenesis.

Female Reproductive System and Organs

Female internal accessory organs −Fallopian tubes −Uterus Uterine wall has three layers (endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium) Supported by suspensory ligaments −Vagina Three layers (inner mucosal layer, middle muscular layer, outer fibrous layer)

Female Reproductive System and Organs Female external reproductive organs −Surround the openings of the urethra and vagina −Compose the vulva

Female Reproductive System and Organs Female sex hormones −Estrogens Stimulate enlargement of accessory sex organs Maintain female secondary characteristics −Progesterone Promotes uterine changes during monthly cycle Affects mammary glands Helps regulate gonadotropin secretion

Female Reproductive System and Organs Female sex hormones −Concentrations of androgen at puberty produce different changes. First reproductive cycle is called menarche

Female Reproductive System and Organs