Do Now What are the functions of these macromolecules: 1.Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

Do Now 1.How is a cell receptor similar to an enzyme? 2.How is a cell receptor different from an enzyme? 3.Are enzymes organic? Why?

DO NOW 1.Enzymes, hormones and cell receptors are examples of which type of macromolecule? 2.How are enzymes, hormones and cell receptors different from one another?

Enzymes - Do Now 1.How can we break down a piece of pepperoni pizza? 2.What is the pizza broken down into? 3.Can those nutrients be synthesized into new molecules? How?

Enzymes & pH

Chemical reactions with enzymes are used to and… Carbohydrate  Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide Lipid  Fatty acid + Fatty acid Protein  Amino acid + Amino acid Nucleic Acid  Nucleotide + Nucleotide break molecules down

Chemical reactions with enzymes are used to break molecules down and Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide  Carbohydrate Fatty acid + Fatty acid  Lipid Amino acid + Amino acid  Protein Nucleotide + Nucleotide  Nucleic Acid Synthesize large molecules

Wait, what’s a chemical reaction? When one or more substances react to form new substances. Na Silver solid + Cl Green gas NaCl Table Salt

NaCl NaCl + ReactantsProducts The substances that react. The substances that are produced.

Why do we need enzymes?? Isn’t water all you need to break down & synthesize molecules? Lets take a look: (Think about these 2 questions while observing) 1.Will molecules breakdown or synthesize without enzymes? 2.Why are enzymes important for chemical reactions? Yes, but much slower (slower rate)  Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.  Allow reactions to happen more often.

Hmmmm… 1.Does a Jolly rancher or Starburst dissolve faster in your mouth or a glass of water? 2.Why might this happen? It will dissolve faster in your mouth Because enzymes speed up the breakdown process!

+ H20 How could you speed up this chemical reaction? Adding enzymes!

Enzyme doing Hydrolysis

Do Now “Complex” 1.Why are enzymes necessary for living organisms? 2.How are enzymes different from one another ? 3.Can chemical reactions occur without enzymes? Explain. Allow chemical reactions to happen fast enough to maintain homeostasis Enzymes all have specific shapes for specific reactions Allow chemical reactions to happen fast enough to maintain homeostasis

Enzymes Enzymes :  Are organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions  Catalyst – Example: Carbon Dioxide and Water come together to make Carbonic Acid – Happens in red blood cells, but only about 200 molecules of carbonic acid form an hour – Add the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and an estimated 600,000 molecules of carbonic acid are now formed every second! something that speeds up a reaction

Enzymes Enzymes are very specific.  Each enzyme only has one reaction it will help Example:  Lactose (a disaccharide), will only be broken down by the enzyme lactase  Maltose will only be broken down by maltase  Starch (amylose) will only be broken down by amylase  Proteins will only be broken down by protease (peptidase)

Wait a minute… what do you notice about many enzyme names? Protease, amylase, maltase, lactase, lipase… Using words alone, how can you tell which word is a sugar and which is an enzyme? (label the sugar and enzyme) Amylasevs.Amylose

Why do enzymes only help catalyze (speed up) only one type of reaction? Enzyme shape allows only certain reactants (substrates) to bind to the enzyme – Substrate: the specific reactants that an enzyme acts on – Active site: the part of the enzyme where the substrate connects. Specific to only one substrate! Substrate + active site = like a lock and key!

Specific, Picky Enzymes (Plays hard to get!) Lets take a look at how enzymes are specific: When watching, keep in mind these questions: 1.How are the enzymes shown different? **Remember: SUBSTRATE - ENZYME

Label your diagram Enzyme (2x) Substrate Products Reactants Active Site Enzyme-Substrate Complex Word Bank… don’t get used to this

2. Exit Question – Write a sentence or two stating the conclusion or relationship between the active site and the specific substrate. 3. Bonus question – can this enzyme be used again for the same reaction? For a different reaction? 1. Look at the active site. Did it change after the reaction?

Do Now Do Now (4) 1.Write sentences describing the relationship between:  Active Site / Specific Substrate  Enzyme / Breaks down, Synthesis  Enzymes / “ASE”  Enzyme / Catalyst

Bonus Question Example: Amylase only breaks down starch (amylose) – Which molecule is the enzyme and which is the substrate?

Enzymes are Reused Over and Over and Over again 1.What type of reaction is this (break down or synthesis)? 2.What changed in this reaction? 3.What stayed the same?

Enzymes are Reused Over and Over and Over again Your conclusion?

Enzymes = Specific, Picky and High Maintenance The rate at which enzymes catalyze their reactions changes as the conditions inside the cell change! Conditions that effect enzyme reaction rate are: 1.Temperature 2.Relative concentrations of enzyme and substrate 3.pH (acidic, basic, neutral)

Temperature affects Enzyme Function To cold = enzyme works to slow To hot = enzyme begins to denature! – Denature = proteins begin to break apart at high temperatures changing the active site!! Why is this bad? Every enzyme has an optimal temperature it works best at! If the active site is changed, that specific reaction can’t happen!

Why is a very high fever considered dangerous where you have to go to the hospital?

pH affects Enzyme Function What is pH? – Measures how acidic or basic a solution is Acids – compounds that release H+ ions in solution (corrosive) Bases – compounds that remove H+ from solution pH scale - measures how acidic a solution is – pH = usually between – pH 0 = very acidic (high H+ concentration) – pH 14 = very basic (low H+ concentration) – pH 7 = neutral (not basic or acidic)

pH What is basic and what is neutral? What is the pH of human blood? What is the pH of water?

Acids vs. Bases

How do we test the pH of a solution? Using litmus paper! Litmus paper turns this color when: 1.Acidic - 2.Basic - What color did the litmus paper turn with: Lemon juice – Bleach –

pH affects Enzyme Function Just like temperature, enzymes (proteins) will start to breakdown permanently if the pH is not what the enzyme needs! 1.Do all enzymes work best at the same pH? 2.What is the optimum rate for Gastric Protease in graph B? B Most enzymes work best in neutral solutions

pH affects Enzyme Function Humans need to keep their pH within a very narrow range around neutral (pH 7.0). – Some organisms need different pH ranges The azalea plant thrives in acidic (4.5) soil The microorganism Picrophilus survives best at an extremely acidic pH of 0.7 (lowest among all organisms)

Enzyme-Substrate Concentration Enzymes can only catalyze so fast. – If you keep adding substrates, the enzymes reaction rate will go up – At a certain point, enzymes can not work any faster and the rate will not increase! It will level off! Why does the reaction rate line level-off or flatten out?

Summary of Diagrams you will see

Questions 1.Do all enzymes react best at the same temperatures? 2.Do all enzymes react best at the same pH? 3.What is pH a measure of? 4.What happens to an enzyme when it is to hot or acidic?

Do Now (1) On a separate sheet of paper Put in size order: – Enzymes – Amino acid – Cell organelle – Cell – Atom – Tissue – Organ

Do Now lab1 1.Describe enzymes: 2.What is a reaction? 3.When referring to rate of reaction, what do we mean by rate? 4.If you constantly add more substrate, increasing concentration, will the rate of reaction always increase?

Do Now lab2 1.How would you create this graph?