All matter above and beneath Earth’s surface moves in cycles. Earth’s Many Cycles 10 November 2015 Chapter 18 Presented by Dr. Geller Great Idea: All matter above and beneath Earth’s surface moves in cycles. 1

Chapter Outline Cycles Small and Large The Hydrologic Cycle The Atmospheric Cycle The Rock Cycle

Cycles Small and Large

Recycling Where did the aluminum can go? Atoms last virtually forever Different forms Lava flow bonded to oxygen Solid rock Soil Aluminum metal Recycling saves energy

The Nature of Earth’s Cycle Earth materials move in cycles A change in one cycle affects the others Atoms constantly moving and recycling Reservoirs Hydrologic cycle Atmospheric cycle Rock cycle Heat Hotcold Sources Sun Geothermal processes

iClicker Question What are the Earth’s two primary sources of heat energy? A solar energy and friction B the Sun and geothermal processes C atmospheric friction and forest fires

iClicker Question Many of Earth’s cycles are driven by: A Earth’s rotation B tilt of the Earth’s axis C the tendency of heat to spread out

The Hydrologic Cycle

Reservoirs of Water Amount of water on earth is fixed Major repositories Ice caps Glaciers Unseen reservoirs Groundwater aquifers

Movements of Water Between Reservoirs Hydrologic cycle Short-term transfer of water between ocean and land

The path of groundwater

Ocean Currents Redistribute heat across planet

Chemical Cycles in the Oceans Chemicals in constant motion Saltiness Constant over several hundred million years Primarily determined by Na+ and Cl- ions Residence time Chemical cycle

Ice Ages Ice Age Current ice age Earth’s total water is fixed Water locked in glaciers Glaciers advance from poles Current ice age Interglacial period Earth’s total water is fixed Ice caps, glaciers grow Sea level drops

Milankovitch Cycles Milankovitch Precession Serbian civil engineer Relationship between earth and sun are affected by variations in earth’s rotation and orbit Precession Change in angle of axis of rotation

iClicker Question The combination of processes by which water moves from repository to repository above, below, and on the Earth’s surface is called the: A aqueous cycle B drought/drench ratio C hydrologic cycle D repository balance

iClicker Question What percent of the Earth’s water is readily available for human use? A less than 1 B 5 C 67 D more than 98

iClicker Question What percent of the Earth’s fresh water is stored as groundwater? A less than 1 B 5 C 67 D more than 98

iClicker Question The saltiness of the ocean is A Increasing B Decreasing C Remains the same

iClicker Question What process removes atoms from the ocean? A photosynthesis B digestion by fishes and animals C chemical reactions

iClicker Question During an ice age, sea levels: A drop B rise C remain constant

The Atmospheric Cycle

Atmosphere Composition Atmospheric Pressure Warming Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon, Water Vapor, CO2, Methane, other Atmospheric Pressure pressure exerted by atmosphere Warming Sun - solar constant is not really constant greenhouse effect warming due to the transparency of a substance to radiation at visible wavelengths and opacity to infrared radiation

The Greenhouse Effect Solar energy is the energy source for the atmosphere In the greenhouse effect, some of this energy is trapped by infrared absorbing gases in the atmosphere, raising the Earth’s surface temperature above what it would be if there was no greenhouse effect

Industrial chemicals released into the atmosphere have damaged the ozone layer in the stratosphere

The Earth’s atmosphere has changed substantially over time The Earth’s atmosphere differs from those of the other terrestrial planets in its chemical composition, circulation pattern, and temperature profile The Earth’s atmosphere changed from being mostly water vapor to being rich in carbon dioxide A strong greenhouse effect kept the Earth warm enough for water to remain liquid and to permit the evolution of life

Structure of the Atmosphere

Air Masses: Reservoirs of the Atmosphere Uniform temperature and moisture Weather State of the atmosphere Climate Long-term average of weather

Weather Five variables define state of atmosphere Temperature Ground level Air pressure Decreases with altitude Jet stream Humidity Atmospheric water content Cloudiness Concentration of water droplets Prevailing winds Consequence of atmospheric convection

The General Circulation of the Atmosphere Circulation powered by Sun Air heated and rises Cools and sinks Prevailing winds Caused by earth’s rotation

Common Storms and Weather Patterns Severe weather Tropical storms Hurricanes typhoons Tornadoes Weather cycle El Nino

Climate Little change over short periods Influences on climate Large bodies of water Ocean currents Mountain ranges Earth’s climate Movement of tectonic plates

Understanding Climate Long-term climate Oceans Mountains Sunlight Amount radiated back to space Prediction Global circulation models

iClicker Question The weather patterns in much of the Northern Hemisphere move, in general, from: A north to south B south to north C east to west D west to east

iClicker Question Earth’s atmospheric cycle is not strongly influenced by other global cycles. A True B False

iClicker Question In what part of the atmosphere does weather occur? A hydrosphere B stratosphere C ionosphere D troposphere E all of the above

iClicker Question The greenhouse effect occurs largely because A a gas is transparent to visible light and opaque to infrared radiation. B a gas is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to ultraviolet radiation. C ozone is transparent to ultraviolet radiation and opaque to infrared radiation. D methane is transparent to infrared radiation and opaque to visible light. E the sun emits more infrared radiation than ultraviolet radiation.

The Rock Cycle

Rock Cycle Overview

Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks Types Solidify from hot liquid Extrusive Solidify at surface Intrusive Solidify below surface

Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rock Formation Examples From grains of weathered rock Formation Compaction Cementation Examples Sandstone Shale Limestone

Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rock Examples Pressure and heat Slate Not enough heat to melt Examples Slate Schists Gneisses Quartzite

The Story of Marble Marble Process of formation Metamorphic rock Begin as limestone Subjected to heat and pressure Erosion exposes rocks

Surface Building Processes Faulting formation of a crack caused by relative movement of rock on either side of a fracture different types - normal, reverse, thrust

Mountains “elevated parts of the Earth’s crust that rise abruptly above the surrounding surface” Causes folding, faulting, volcanic activity

Folds bends in layered bedrock Anticline /\ Syncline \/

Volcanoes “hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or rock fragments from magma below” Different types shield, cinder cone, composite (composite shown)

Earthquakes Defined as “quaking, shaking, vibrating, or upheaval of the ground” Earthquake causes elastic rebound theory Intensity measure Richter Magnitude not linear scale

iClicker Question When the Earth formed there were no rocks. A True B False

iClicker Question The first type of rock to appear on Earth was: A igneous B sedimentary C metamorphic

iClicker Question Which type of rock is made of grains of material worn off previous rocks? A igneous B sedimentary C metamorphic

iClicker Question Rocks that are buried deep within the Earth and then subjected to intense pressure and heat turn into: A igneous rocks B sedimentary rocks C metamorphic rocks

iClicker Question The Earth’s cycles operate on very different time scales and therefore have little influence on each other. A True B False

iClicker Question Rocks formed from layers of fine material that have been compressed under water are called A igneous rocks B sedimentary rocks C metamorphic rocks D fault rocks E scarp rocks

iClicker Poll Question Which of Earth’s cycles is most interesting to you? A atmospheric B hydrologic C rock