The Seed Plants Angiosperms and Gymnosperms 12.3 and 12.4

General Characteristics Have seeds –Protect and feed their young! Have vascular bundles –Xylem-carries water -hollow, dead cells –Phloem-carries food Plants are larger Plants are more advanced

Leaf Structure Cuticle- waxy layer on outside of leaf Stoma-an opening in the leaf: lets water, carbon dioxide, oxygen in Guard Cell-borders the stoma

Leaf Processes Photosynthesis- –uses water and carbon dioxide to make food –Release oxygen –In chloroplasts using chlorophyll Transpiration- –evaporation of water through the leaf Respiration- –Using oxygen to convert food into energy Abscission- –Leaves fall off in the fall –prevents transpiration

Gymnosperms No flowers Seeds are protected in cones

Angiosperms Have flowers which become fruit Seeds are protected in fruit Are divided into monocots and dicots

Dicot -seeds- Monocots 2 seed coats 1 seed coat

Monocots roots Dicots Vascular bundles in a ring Large cortex area Vascular bundles in center Large cortex area

Monocots stems Dicots Vascular bundles scattered Vascular bundles around outside

Seed Plant Fertilization Male –Stamen Anther & filament Female –Pistil Stigma, style, ovary Stigma is sticky to catch pollen

Seed Plant Fertilization Flowers Perfect- –has both male and female parts Imperfect- –has male or female parts Complete- –Has a pistil, stamen, petal, sepal Incomplete- –Does not have all 4 above parts

Seed Plant Fertilization Process 1. Pollen sticks to stigma 2. Sperm are in pollen and move down style to ovule (egg) in ovary. 3. Double fertilization –Zygote (egg + sperm) –Endosperm (food for zygote)

Seed Plant Fertilization Fruit Zygote is the seed The seed is in the ovary The ovary ripens with the seeds inside. The fruit we eat are ripened ovaries with the seed (zygote) inside!

Types of Fruit Simple –1 flower  –1 ovary  –= 1 fruit Examples –Tomato, pear, apple, grains

Types of Fruit Aggregate –1 flower  –Many ovaries  –= 1 fruit Examples –Raspberry, strawberry, blackberry

Types of Fruit Multiple –Many flowers  –Many ovaries grow together  –1 fruit Example –Pineapple, bread fruit, mulberry