The Cold War Drama, drama, drama

Quick Review What made the U.S. upset with the Soviet Union at the beginning of the war? –Signing a non-aggression pact with Germany What did the leaders decide at the Yalta conference about Germany? –Divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by Allies

Differing goals How had the war treated them differently? United States World’s richest country Cities and factories remained intact Encourage democracy and prevent communism Rebuild European governments to promote trade Reunite Germany to stabilize it and Europe Soviet Union 50 times more deaths Many Soviet cities were destroyed Encouraged worldwide communism Protect its borders by controlling Eastern Europe Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again

What kind of governments did the Big Three agree to create in E. Europe? –Democracies Stalin decided to install Communist governments in “buffer” countries to protect themselves –Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czech., Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia

The Iron Curtain Germany was split into two sections –Eastern part = Soviets (including half of the capital, Berlin) –Western Part - democratic

Winston Churchill

“A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in…the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and…increasing measure of control from Moscow.” –Winston Churchill

Please discuss the following questions within your groups: 1.What does Winston Churchill mean when he says, “an iron curtain has descended across the Continent?” 2. Why was “an iron curtain” present in Europe at the time? 3. Look at the map of Europe in your textbook and determine about where this “iron curtain” was located in Europe? (pg. 966) 4. What should the United States do in regards to the Soviet Union?

What should the United States do? President Truman adopted a foreign policy called containment Intended to block Soviet influence and stop the expansion of communism How do you go about doing this? –Form alliances against Soviet Union –Helping weak countries resist the Soviet Union

Truman Doctrine Truman’s support for countries that rejected communism Caused great controversy Some people didn’t want the Americans to interfere in other nations’ affairs Others argued that the US could not afford to carry on a global crusade against communism –But he still did

Remind me…what did the Yalta conference decide? In 1948, France, Britain, and the US decided to withdraw their forces from Germany and allow their zones to form one nation How would Stalin feel about this unification?

Berlin The capital of Germany, Berlin, had been divided as well The Soviet Union cut off highway, water, and rail traffic into Berlin’s western zones The city faced starvation Stalin gambled that the Allies would surrender West Berlin or give up their idea of reunifying Germany

Berlin Airlift American and British officials flew food and supplies into West Berlin for nearly 11 months!! In May 1949, the Soviet Union admitted defeat and lifted the blockade

The Berlin Airlift

Why is this called the “Cold War?” Cold war = struggle over political differences carried on by short military action or war Included: –Spying –Propaganda –Diplomacy –Secret Operations

NATO Berlin blockaded heightened Western Europe’s fears of Soviet aggression Essentially, much of the world joined one of the two sides 1949, ten western European nations joined with the US and Canada to form a defensive military alliance –NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Warsaw Pact What do you think the Soviet Union will do? –Form its own pact! Warsaw Pact = Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechosolovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania

Berlin Wall East Germans built up a wall to separate East and West Berlin

Heating Up US already had atomic bombs Soviet Union exploded its own atomic bomb President truman wanted to develop a more deadly weapon before the soviets did

Hydrogen Bomb “H-BOMB” - THOUSANDS more powerful than the A-Bomb United states tested first h bomb – 1952 Soviets tested h bomb – 1953

“Arms Race” Eisenhower’s policy – “he ain’t playin” Brinkmanship – a policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression In order to do this, the United States strengthened air force and began producing stockpiles of nuclear weapons Soviet Union – doing the same thing

Cold War in the Skies There was also a race in science and education between the two countries Oct. 4, 1957 – Soviets launched Sputnik – the first unmanned satellite above the earth’s atmosphere 1958 – Americans launched its own satellite

Eisenhower believed that both countries should be able to fly over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks Soviet Union – said no 1960, Soviets shot down a U-2 plane that was on a spy-flight over Soviet territory

What will happen??