What’s happening in this picture? Where are these events occurring?

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 By 395 AD, Diocletian had divided the Roman Empire  Byzantium = eastern empire  Rome = western empire  476, Germanic forces from the north conquered the Western Roman Empire  Byzantium survived for almost another 1000 years and carried on the Greco-Roman tradition.

476: Germanic tribes conquered the old Roman Empire Territories

 Middle Ages = European history between the fall of the Roman Empire (476) and the Modern Era (1450)  Also called the Medieval Period (“Medium” is Latin for Middle; “aevum” is Latin for age)  Early Middle Ages = 500 – 1000 C.E.  High Middle Ages = 1000 – 1300 C.E.  Late Middle Ages = 1300 – 1500 C.E.

pestilence, war, famine, & death Some believed that were also the times of the

Instability after Rome’s fall Lawlessness, corruption, political assassinations, & starvation No national government; local regional lords held the power Lords controlled estates through feudalism Constant fear of plunderers and robbers High inflation and low trade C.E.

 At 1 st, the Byzantines controlled only a small area around the eastern Mediterranean a 1 st  Justinian ( ), recovered much of the territory of the old Roman empire

 Capital of Byzantium for almost 1,000 years  Largest city in Medieval Europe  Major center of commerce  Constantinople is Istanbul today

Why is the city walled? What is this building?

Glencoe Chapter Transparency 9, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.  The Golden Horn = inlet off of the Bosporus that forms a natural harbor

The Golden Horn

 Justinian = ruled as an autocrat Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority  Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority  Justinian & Theodora created a huge Christian empire  The empire reached its greatest size under their rule Queen Theodora

This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

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= “ The New Rome”  Wealthy  Produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine  Traded for spices, ivory and precious stones  Traders used the Silk Road and other trade routes  Traders traveled as far as China and India

Sponsored a Rebuilding Program in Constantinople Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)

 Rebuilt the Hippodrome Hippodrome  Used for gladiator fights and chariot races

 Justinian I organized the first written compilation of Roman law  Called The Justinian Code  Influenced the development of the civil law system in many countries

What is happening in this slide? What are the men doing? Who are the men?

 Laws were fairer to women. They could own property and raise their own children after their husbands died.  Children were allowed to choose their own marriage partners.  Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.  Punishments were detailed and fit the crime  Inspired the modern concept of “justice.”

Roman Law Europe Christianity Missionaries Eastern Europe Christian Art Europe Architecture Middle East Conquests EastWest Constantinople Trade AsiaAfrica Europe Classical and Christian Learning Byzantine Empire Europe

Islam spread throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe

In the 7 th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine  where Jesus Christ had lived and preached  Muslims were tolerant  let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths  Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem  Persecuted Christian pilgrims  1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire ; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help  Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “ Crusade ” against the Muslim “ infidels ” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands  1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics The Crusades

The Crusades continued Between , there were 7 crusades  1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God 1 st Crusade: ( )  French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem  Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods  Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable  Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa 2 nd Crusade: ( )  2 nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back  Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

3 rd Crusade: ( )  Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river  English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea  captured the coastal cities  unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem  Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast  King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here  Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem The Crusades continued

Saladin ( )  Muslim leader  Established the Ayyubid Dynasty  Very devout  Legendary chivalry  Defeated Europeans in the 2 nd & 3 rd Crusades  Spared Jerusalem  Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city

The Crusades continued 3 rd Crusade ( )  Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest economic competitor  Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it until 1261  Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261  Byzantine Empire never regained their great power  Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

3rd Crusade = 1204  Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders  Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition  1261, Byzantines regained control of the city  Byzantine empire never regained its former glory  “Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453

What was the main effect of the Crusades?

 Italian port cities prospered economically  Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge  Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods  Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas  3rd Crusade sacked Constantinople; weakened the Byzantine Empire  Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe  Broke down feudalism; Paved the way for the development of European nation-states  Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

Crusaders sacked Constantinople

Collapse of the Byzantine Empire  1453 – the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople  Constantinople was renamed Istanbul  Istanbul = the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet II Constantine XI

Economic Influences Religious Influences Political Influences Area – Geographic Influences Social Influences Intellectual Influences