Chapter 2 Section 4 Mediterranean Civilizations

Objectives: Understand how the sea power of the Phoenicians helped spread civilization throughout the Mediterranean area. Learn about the major events in the history of the Israelites.

ALPHABET: a set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language 22 symbols Each symbol (letter) stands for a consonant sound Easier than cuneiform Language simplified trade causing it to spread to other places

MONOTHEISIM the belief in one god FAMINE a time when there is so little food that many people starve

EXHILE to force someone to live in another country EXODUS PEOPLE EXITING AN AREA IN A MASSIVE GROUP

Murex Snail that was used to create a rich, dark, purple dye Phoenicians used to dye fabric to trade Highly valued; only wealthy people and royalty could afford it Therefore: called “Royal Purple”

CEDAR

Bazaars brought the availability of figs, olives, honey and spices Exotic Marketplaces Trade brought valuable goods to the cities of Tyre and Sidon

Bazaars also contained “strange” animals like giraffes, warthogs, and bears

LEBANON: CURRENT DAY PHOENICIA

Map Master Skills activity PHSchool.com Web code lbp- 2244

Phoenician Sea Power MASTERS OF TRADE The Phoenicians utilized their resources that they had available to them. Snails that produced a valuable purple dye which was highly valued by wealthy people throughout the Mediterranean region Cedar from the dense cedar forests of Phoenicia Phoenicians sailed all over the Mediterranean Sea and into the Atlantic Ocean. They told great tales of SEA MONSTERS to keep other people from trying to compete for trade in the Atlantic.

The Phoenicians relied on writing to help them conduct business and trade. They created a writing system that contained 22 symbols which became known as the Phoenician alphabet. Each letter stood for a consonant. We use their basic ideas today in our English language. The Phoenician alphabet made it easier for more people to learn how to write.

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The Rise of the Israelites *Hebrews (later called the Israelites) lived in the hills around the Jordan River Valley. *The Torah is the Israelites most sacred text.

The Torah tells about the history of the Israelites in the form of stories. The Israelites lived as shepherds and merchants who grazed their flocks outside of Sumerian cities for hundreds of years.

According to the Torah, Abraham was told by God to leave Mesopotamia and settle elsewhere. Abraham taught his people to be Monotheistic, or to believe in one god.

Abraham led his people from Mesopotamia to Canaan where a famine spread across the land. A famine is a time when there is little food and people starve. The Israelites then fled south to Egypt. They lived here for a few hundred years until they were forced into slavery.

The Israelites are led out of Egypt by Moses, an Israelite leader. Their mass Departure is called the Exodus. The Israelites roamed the desert of the Sinai Peninsula for the next 40 years.

According to the Torah, while in the desert, God gave the Israelites the 10 Commandments, a code of laws. Eventually, the Israelites returned to Canaan. They went from herding and farming to building their own cities.

Settlement in Canaan The Israelites were unified under their first king, Saul. He defended them against their enemies. King Saul The next king, King David, established his capital in Jerusalem. King David

A Divided Kingdom After David died, his son, Solomon, inherited the kingdom. The country split into two kingdoms: *North: Israel *South: Judah 722 BC: The Assyrians Conquered and gained control of Judah

Sent Into Exile In 722 B.C., the Israelites resisted the Assyrians and were sent into exile by the Assyrians. Exile means to force people to live in another place or country.

*In 612 B.C, Judah was taken over by the Chaldean Babylonians *In 587 B.C., The king of Judah rebelled. *King Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the people of Judah to Babylonia

m/ngm/0410/feature2 Fun fact!