Psychology 3051 Psychology 305A: Theories of Personality Lecture 21 1

2 Reminder Course evaluations will be available online until April 9 th. If you have not received an regarding evaluations, visit: Your feedback is extremely valuable—both to the Psychology Department and to me. I modify courses on the basis of student feedback. Please complete your evaluation for this course. Your evaluation will be anonymous and secure. 2

3 1. What therapeutic approach did Rogers develop to help people become fully functioning? (continued) 3 The Organismic Perspective

4 4 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 2. identify criticisms and limitations of client-centered therapy. 1. discuss the efficacy of client-centered therapy.

5 Research (e.g., Davidson, 2005; Greenberg et al. 1994, 2001) has supported the efficacy of client-centered therapy, particularly empathetic understanding. 5 What therapeutic approach did Rogers develop to help people become fully functioning? (continued) Nevertheless, several criticisms and limitations of client- centered therapy have been noted.

6 1. What therapeutic approach did Rogers develop to help people become fully functioning? (continued) 6 The Organismic Perspective

Psychology 3057 Analysis of the Personality of a Civil Rights Leader: Malcolm X Discussion Questions 1.What learning processes (e.g., classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning) do you think shaped Malcolm X’s personality? Identify specific examples to illustrate how these learning processes shaped his personality. 7

Psychology Prior to imprisonment, Malcolm X did not adhere to a separatist view regarding race relations. However, after imprisonment, he did adhere to this view, ultimately joining the Nation of Islam. How can Dollard and Miller’s learning theory be used to explain this change in Malcolm X’s attitudes and behaviour? 3.Mischel proposed 5 “cognitive-social learning person variables” to describe personality: competencies, encoding strategies/personal constructs, expectancies, subjective values, and self-regulatory systems/plans. Use these variables to describe Malcolm X’s personality when he was in Boston. 8

4. Grouzet et al. represent goals in a two-dimensional circumplex in which adjacent goals are compatible and distant goals are incompatible. Using this circumplex, explain how Malcolm X’s goals changed across time. 5. Powers proposed the notions of system concepts, principles, and programs in discussing feedback hierarchies. Describe Malcolm X’s system concepts, principles, and programs after his return from Mecca. 9

Psychology Maslow maintained that, in the hierarchy of conative needs, lower-order needs have greater strength, potency, and priority than higher-order needs. Were Malcolm X’s actions consistent with this assertion? 7. Would Maslow’s hierarchy of conative needs adequately explain motivation among collectivists? 10

Psychology How does Maslow’s notion of the self-actualizer differ from Rogers’ notion of the fully functioning person? Can both concepts be applied to Malcolm X? 9. Deci and Ryan emphasized the importance of “self- determination” in determining well-being. At what point in his life do you believe that Malcolm X achieved self- determination? 11