Telecommunications and Networking Cabling Media Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

Objectives Describe the physical characteristics of coaxial cable, STP, UTP, and fiber-optic media Compare the benefits and limitations of different networking media Identify wiring standards Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Coaxial cabling Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Basic Coaxial cable A central copper wire Surrounded by an insulating material Surrounded by a braided metal shield Surrounded by a plastic jacket Uses an F-type screw-on ‘barrel’ connector Those little round ones that plug into the back of your cable/satellite box at home Coax Ratings Radio Grade (RG) Developed by military Ohm rating Each cable is marked with an Ohm rating (measure of resistance) Advantages of Coax Extremely durable Braided metal shield makes it resistant to EMI and RFI Electromagnetic interference Radiofrequency interference Greater bandwidth Disadvantages of Coax High installation costs Problems with architecture Primarily used in a bus topology which does not support redundancy Technicians must ensure that Ohm ratings on cables are compatible throughout the entire network or data loss and corruption will occur "Coaxial cable cutaway" by Tkgd2007 - Own work. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons –http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coaxial_cable_cutaway.svg#mediaviewer/File:Coaxial_cable_cutaway.svg Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

Twisted Pair Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Basic Characteristics Four pairs of wires twisted together Eight wires total The twists in the wire help reduce crosstalk - the greater the number of twists the more resistant the wire is to crosstalk Uses an RJ-45 jack Wires are color coded Three basic IEEE standards for wiring Two types of twisted pair STP UTP Advantages of Twisted Pair Cabling Inexpensive Easy to splice Thin and flexible Less likely to cause interference Disadvantages of Twisted Pair Cabling More susceptible to interference Somewhat fragile Cables cannot be crimped around sharp edges Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

Typical Twisted Pair Cable The color of the outer jacket of the wire is not standardized, however; the color of the individual wires is standardized. One of each pair of wires is a solid color while the other has a white stripe. Typical colors are: Orange / Orange with white stripe Blue / Blue with white stripe Green / Green with white stripe Brown / Brown with white stripe RJ-45 Connector Standard Twisted Pair Cable Standard Twisted Pair Cable – Used with permission R. Segrest 06/10/15 RJ-45 Connector – Used with permission R. Segrest 06/10/15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

IEEE TP Wiring Standards Straight-through Used to connect networked devices (hosts to clients) Crossover Direct connection of two devices (computer to computer) Rollover Used to create an interface with a device in order to program it (programmable switches) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Straight Through Wiring Connector A Connector B Pin 1 Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 4 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 8 568-B Straight Through There is a 568-A standard however most networks utilize the 568-B The wiring is identical on each end of the cable Straight-Thru – Used with permission R. Segrest 06/10/25 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Crossover Cables Connector A Connector B Pin 1 Pin 3 Pin 2 Pin 6 Pin 3 Pin 1 Pin 4 Pin 4 Pin 5 Pin 5 Pin 6 Pin 2 Pin 7 Pin 7 Pin 8 Pin 8 568-B Crossover The wiring is different on each end of the cable Crossover – Used with permission R. Segrest 06/10/25 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Two Types of TP Cable STP – Shielded Twisted Pair Has a inner shield to help protect from EMI and crosstalk UPT – Unshielded Twisted Pair Does not have an inner shield Most common EMI – Electro-magnetic Interference Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

Bandwidth Maximum amount of data that will go through a cable per second Measured in MHz and translated to Mbps 100MHz originally = 100 Mbps Now with bandwidth-efficient encoding Cat5e at 100MHz = 1,000 Mbps Cat 6 at 250 MHz = 10,000 Mbps Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

UTP Categories Designation Bandwidth Typical Usage Cat 1 Up to 1 Mbps Traditional Telephone and ISDN Cat 2 Up to 4 Mbps Token Ring Cat 3 Up to 10 Mbps Token Ring and 10Base-T Cat 4 Up to 16 Mbps Cat 5 Up to 100 Mbps Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring Cat 5(e) Up to 1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet Cat 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Ethernet Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Ethernet Facts There are only four Ethernet speeds: 10 megabit, 100 megabit, 1 gigabit, and 10 gigabit per second Every version of Ethernet uses either unshielded twisted pair (UTP) or fiber-optic. (with a few rare exceptions) Every version of Ethernet uses a hub or switch, although hubs are incredibly rare today. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Ethernet Facts contd. Only 10- and 100-megabit Ethernet may use a hub. Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet networks must use a switch Every version of Ethernet has a limit of 1024 nodes Every UTP version of Ethernet has a maximum distance from the switch or hub to the node of 100 meters. Full Duplex and Half Duplex Half-duplex Can both send and receive data but not at the same time Full-duplex Devices send and receive at the same time Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

100 Mbps Ethernet -100BaseT 100BaseT4 100BaseTX CAT 3 or better cabling Uses all four pair of wires Disappeared from the market after 100BaseTX generally accepted 100BaseTX Dominant 100-megabit standard by the late 1990s The term “100BaseT” now applies to this standard Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Fiber-optic Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Fiber-Optic Basics Transmits data using light Has four components Core – glass fibers Cladding – reflects signals down the fiber Buffer – gives strength Insulating jacket – protects inner components Often used in pairs One for sending and the other for receiving Advantages of Fiber Optics Immunity to EMI Data security Non-conductive cabling (no copper) High bandwidth over long distances Disadvantages of Fiber Optics High cost Difficult to splice and repair Easily damaged if pinched too hard Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

Two Types of Fiber-Optics Single-Mode Better at maintaining the integrity of each light pulse over long distances More expensive Data rates of 10 Gbps – 40 Gbps Multimode Most commonly used for short distances Data rates of 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps Two Possible Light Sources Lasers Single-mode Prevents modal distortion High transfer rates LEDs Light Emitting Diodes Multimode Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education

Three Styles of Connectors Bayonet-style – similar in design to barrel connector used in coax SC Push-in – similar to bayonet however connector casing is square instead of round LC Duplex – small dual push-in used when running fiber-optic cables in pairs Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Other Types of Data Transmission Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

Other Types of Data Transmission T-Carrier ISDN FDDI DSL Broadband Cable T-Carrier - A T-carrier or telecommunications carrier system is a cabling and interface system designed to carry data at high speeds. Two Most Common T-Carrier systems T1: It is considered 1.544 Mbps, but only 1.536 Mbps of that is for data. T3: Stands for trunk Carrier 3. Equivalent of 28 T1s. It is considered 44.736 Mbps, using 672 64 Kbps B channels. ISDN The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital technology developed to combat the limitations of PSTN. Users that have ISDN can send data, fax, or talk on the phone, all simultaneously from one line. FDDI Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is a standard for transmitting data on optical fiber cables at a rate of around 100 Mbps. Uses ring topology. DSL - Digital subscriber line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides data transmissions over local telephone networks. ADSL (asymmetrical digital subscriber lines) can run on your home telephone line so that you can talk on the phone and access the Internet at the same time. SDSL (symmetrical digital subscriber line) is installed (usually to companies) as a separate line and is more expensive. The upload and download speed are the same or symmetrical. Broadband Cable - is used for cable Internet and cable TV. Operates at a higher speed than DSL. Can usually get up to an average of 5 to 7 Mbps. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved. Trade & Industrial Education