The Protestant Reformation Through Maps Created by Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Edited by C. Rhodes Garces Memorial High School

Peter Kreeft on What Caused the Reformation? “The Protestant Reformation began when a Catholic monk rediscovered a Catholic doctrine in a Catholic book.”

Long-Term Causes of the Reformation? 1. Church corruption 2. Christian Humanists: Erasmus, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus A call for reform from within Development of personal devotions 3. Secular leaders—greed & power 1/3 of Europe belonged to the church Control over the papacy Resent Popes authority in their personal affairs

4. Avignon Papacy Pope Boniface v. Philip IV of France 7 popes reside in France “Babylonian Captivity”

5. Papal need for money

6. Printing Press

The Spread of the Printing Press

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c “Why the Germanies?” The Holy Roman Empire in the 16 c “Why the Germanies?”

Immediate Causes: Indulgences Johann Tetzel distorts Martin Luther 95 Theses

Consequences

Diet of Worms Charles V: “My ancestors have defended the Catholic faith to the death and I will do the same. Diet: an assembly of the estates Luther: “Unless I am shown to be in error by the testimony of the Scriptures I cannot and will not be revoked.”

Kidnapped Elector Frederick of Saxony: Luther’s protector Wartburg Castle-Luther translates the New Testament into German

Peasant’s Revolt of 1525 Upset over their situation they target the church and nobility Luther calls on the Princes Great bloodshed

The Peasant Revolt

Peace of Augsburg Recognized Lutheranism & Catholicism

Spread of Antisemiticism On the Jews and Their Lies Burn synagogues Ban rabbis from preaching Use Jews as slave labor

The Spread of Lutheranism

2) Switzerland’s Reformation Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin

Zwingli cathedral in Zurich, Switzerland Met with Luther  Agreed on most doctrines  Disagreed about forms of worship  E.g. communion & use of images Died in battle-1531

John Calvin Calvin Carries on Zwingli’s work in Switz. Institutes of Christian Religion=complete and clearly stated set of beliefs-1536 –Strengthens & unites followers against persecution

Geneva Calvin was asked to lead the city Theocracy –Genevan Consistory 12 laymen & a company of pastors Prohibited: –Dancing –Card playing –Showy dress –Profanity

 England=Puritanism  Scotland-John Knox starts Presbyterian Church  France=Huguenots Catholic Church owned 1/3 of the land Catholic Church owned 1/3 of the land Monarchs consider protestants a threat Monarchs consider protestants a threat Civil wars—St. Bartholomew’s Massacre Civil wars—St. Bartholomew’s Massacre Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes ○Gives protestants freedom of worship & some civil ○Gives protestants freedom of worship & some civil rights

Comparing Luther & Calvin SimilaritiesDifferences Reliance on faith for salvation Scriptures are the final authority Denied the hierarchy of the Catholic Church Recognized only two sacraments-communion & baptism consubstantiation Clergy has no special authority Calvin emphasized predestination Luther emphasized separation of church & state

Calvin’s World in the 16 c

3) Henry VIII vs. the Pope Henry the Eighth to six wives was wedded: one died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded. Henry wants a divorce Starts the Church of England (Anglican Church/ Episcopal Church) Confiscates the property of monastic orders—Thomas Cromwell Pilgrimage of Grace Sir Thomas More— refuses to acknowledge the King as head of church--beheaded

Protestant Churches in France (Late 16 c )

The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

Reformation Europe (Late 16 c )