The Industrial Revolution Ch. 25.1

Think about this statement: The key to the Industrial Revolution was technology, and technology is knowledge

Industrial Revolution  Machines became the new way of doing things.  Huge increase in machine-made products.  Before the industrial revolution, people wove textiles (cloth) by hand.  After, machines did this and other jobs as well.  Started in England and then spread to Europe and America.

Agricultural Revolution  Small farmers were forced to move into cities, while large farmers bought their lands.  The expansion of wealthy landowners helped bring about new experimentation and machinery for farming.  As small farmers lost their land to wealthy landowners, many became factory workers.

Jethro Tull  Scientific farmer  He saw that scattering seeds across the ground was a waste of time because many seeds did not take root.  He invented the seed drill in  The seed drill allowed farmers to plant seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths.  This boosted crop production.

Crop Rotation  The process of crop rotation proved to be one of the best developments of the scientific farmers.  It improved the three field system of medieval times.  One year a farmer might plant a field with wheat, which exhausted soil nutrients.  The following year, the farmer planted a root crop, like turnips, to restore nutrients.

Livestock Breeders  Robert Bakewell increased his mutton output by allowing only his best sheep to reproduce.  Other farmers copied his method.  Between , the average weight of lambs went from 18 to 50 lbs.

Results  Food supply increased  Living conditions improved  England’s population boomed  The increasing population demanded more food and more goods.

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?  Extensive natural resources  Expanding Economy  Highly developed banking system  Political stability  Had all factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

Natural Resources  England had extensive natural resources.  1) Water power and coal to fuel the new machines.  2) Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings  3) Rivers for inland transportation  4) Harbors from which its merchant ships set sail.

Expanding Economy  The expanding economy promoted growth in business.  Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions.

Banking System  People were encouraged by the availability of bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand their operations.

Political Stability  Parliament passed laws that protected business and helped expansion.

 Britain had ALL the factors of production.  Land  Labor  Capital (wealth)

Textile Industry Transforms  Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth.

Flying Shuttle (1733)  The flying shuttle speedily carried threads of yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled a handle.  The flying shuttle doubled the work a weaver could do in a day.  Invented by John Kay

Spinning Jenny (1764)  James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time.  Named after Hargreaves’ daughter.

Water Frame (1769)  Used water power from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.  Invented by Richard Arkwright.

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Spinning Mule (1779)  /interactive/animations/spinn ing_mill/index_embed.shtml /interactive/animations/spinn ing_mill/index_embed.shtml /interactive/animations/spinn ing_mill/index_embed.shtml  Samuel Crompton combined the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame to produce the Spinning Mule.  Made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent.

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Power Loom (1787)  Invented by Edmund Cartwright.  Run by Water power

 All these new inventions took spinning and weaving out of the house.  Wealthy textile merchants set up machines in large buildings called factories.  At first, these factories needed water power, so they were built near rivers and streams.

Cotton is King!

England uses American Cotton  England’s cotton came from plantations in the American South.

The Cotton Gin (1793)  Removing the seeds from raw cotton by hand was hard work.  In 1793, American inventor, Eli Whitney designed a machine to help speed the chore.  His cotton gin multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned.  American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

Modern day Cotton Gin

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Consequently, slavery increased dramatically in the Southern U.S.

Improvements in Transportation  James Watt, a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel.

Robert Fulton’s Steamboat  The Clermont’s first successful trip was in  Ferried passengers up and down New York Hudson’s River.  Water transportation improved with the creation of a network of canals  By the mid-1800s, there were 4,250 miles of waterways in England.

Robert Fulton and The Clermont

Road Transportation  John McAdam, a Scottish engineer equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage.  On top, he placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock.  In rainy weather, heavy wagons could travel over the new ‘Macadam’ roads without sinking in the mud.

First American Macadam Road, 1823

Macadam road in Venezuela early 1900s

Macadam roadway, West Virginia

Portland, Oregon

First Road in US to become ‘Macadamized’  Construction began in 1811 and ended in  Also known as the “National Road” Mile marker in Columbus, Ohio along National road

National Road

The railroad locomotive  Steam-driven machinery propelled English factories in the late 1700s.  The railroad locomotive drove English industry after 1820.

George Stephenson  George Stephenson built many steam locomotives for mine operators in northern England.  In 1821, Stephenson began work on the world’s first railroad line.  It was to run 27 miles from Yorkshire to Stockton.  It opened in 1825 with four locomotives that Stephenson built.

George Stephenson and his first locomotive

Railway expansion  Entrepreneurs wanted to connect Liverpool with Manchester.  Trials were held to find the best locomotive.  George Stephenson won with the Rocket.  The Rocket hauled a 13-ton load at more than 24 miles per hour, which was unheard of at that time.  The track opened in 1830 and had immediate success.

Railroads revolutionize way of life  1) Railroads provided a cheap way to transport materials and finished products.  2) Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs.  3) Railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.  4) Made travelling easier. People could find jobs in different cities.  5) Railroads lured city dwellers to the countryside.

Explain this statement on the bottom of your notes The key to the Industrial Revolution was technology, and technology is knowledge The key to the Industrial Revolution was technology, and technology is knowledge