Unit 11 Three methodological innovations, not methods, with the concern with the language learner 11-1 Learning Strategy Training

Origin With discussion of the Cognitive Approach in the early 1970s, language learners were seen to be more actively responsible for their own learning.With discussion of the Cognitive Approach in the early 1970s, language learners were seen to be more actively responsible for their own learning. In 1975 Rubin investigated what good language learners did to facilitate their learning and identified their learning strategies.In 1975 Rubin investigated what good language learners did to facilitate their learning and identified their learning strategies.

Good language learners are willing and accurate guessers who have a strong desire to communicate and will attempt to do so even at the risk of appearing foolish. They attend to both the meaning and the form of their message and they also practice and monitor their own speech as well as the speech of others.Good language learners are willing and accurate guessers who have a strong desire to communicate and will attempt to do so even at the risk of appearing foolish. They attend to both the meaning and the form of their message and they also practice and monitor their own speech as well as the speech of others.

Characteristics Students’ prior knowledge and learning experiences should be valued and built onStudents’ prior knowledge and learning experiences should be valued and built on Studying certain learning strategies help students’ learning, so the teacher is not to teach language only but to teach learning.Studying certain learning strategies help students’ learning, so the teacher is not to teach language only but to teach learning. Students need to be independent, self- regulated learners for learner autonomy.Students need to be independent, self- regulated learners for learner autonomy. Learner strategy training should not be taught in isolation.Learner strategy training should not be taught in isolation.

Three types of strategies by Chamot and O ’ Malley Metacognitive strategies- those used to plan, monitor, and evaluate a learning task.Metacognitive strategies- those used to plan, monitor, and evaluate a learning task. Cognitive strategies- those involve learners interacting and manipulating learning materials.Cognitive strategies- those involve learners interacting and manipulating learning materials. Social-affective strategies- how learners interact with others or use affective control to assist learning.Social-affective strategies- how learners interact with others or use affective control to assist learning.

11-2 Cooperative Learning The way that students and teachers work together effectively to make learning successful.The way that students and teachers work together effectively to make learning successful. Teachers teach students social skills.Teachers teach students social skills. Students are encouraged to think in terms of positive interdependence.Students are encouraged to think in terms of positive interdependence.

Characteristics Mixed groups are assigned for students to stay together in the same group for a period of time so they can learn how to work better togetherMixed groups are assigned for students to stay together in the same group for a period of time so they can learn how to work better together Responsibility and accountability for each other’s learning is shared.Responsibility and accountability for each other’s learning is shared. Leadership is distributed.Leadership is distributed.

11-3 Multiple Intelligences Students have different strengths and cognitive styles.Students have different strengths and cognitive styles. Howard Gardner proposed that teachers recognize the multiple intelligences of their students and help them develop their unique strengths and reach their potentials.Howard Gardner proposed that teachers recognize the multiple intelligences of their students and help them develop their unique strengths and reach their potentials. Teachers should honor the diversity of intelligences among studentsTeachers should honor the diversity of intelligences among students

Eight intelligences so far Logical/mathematical (traditional)Logical/mathematical (traditional) Verbal/linguistical (traditional)Verbal/linguistical (traditional) Visual/spatialVisual/spatial Body/kinestheticBody/kinesthetic Musical/rhythmicMusical/rhythmic InterpersonalInterpersonal IntrapersonalIntrapersonal The naturalistThe naturalist