Unit 4

Read the sentences from the text. 1. I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously. 2. I stood for a minute watching them and went to greet them. 3. She stepped back appearing surprised … 4. Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in smiling, together with … 5. …, she recognized Tony Garcia’s smiling face. attributive adverbial attributive

一 : V-ing 形式由 “do ＋ ing” 构成, 其否 定形式是 “not doing”, 没有人称和数的变 化, 但有时态和语态的变化。 Grammar V-ing 形式

语态 时态 主动语态被动语态 一般式 完成式 (not) doing (not) being done (not) having done (not) having done (not) having been done (not) having been done

V-ing 形式作定语和状语是本单元的学习重点。 1 、单个动词的 V-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前 置修饰语, 这时有两种情况。 1)-ing 形式表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 这类作 定语的 -ing 形式叫动名词。 a swimming pool= a pool used for swimming drinking water= 1 、单个动词的 V-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前 置修饰语, 这时有两种情况。 1)-ing 形式表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 这类作 定语的 -ing 形式叫动名词。 a swimming pool= a pool used for swimming drinking water= a sleeping car = = 动词 -ing 做定语 water used for drinking a car used for sleeping

2) -ing 形式表示 “ 的 ” 意思, 表被修饰者 的动作或状态，叫现在分词。 a sleeping child= a child who is sleeping working people= the rising sun = people who are working sun that is rising

2 、动词 -ing 形式短语作定语时一般放在 它所修饰的名词之后, 相当于一个定语从 句。如 : They are visitors coming from several countries. The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.

In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

3 、现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句 法功能，如： in the following years =in the years that followed the man speaking to the teacher =the man who is speaking to the teacher

1). ____ dogs seldom bite. A. Bark B. To bark C. Barked D.Barking 2). The wolf spoke in a _____ voice and Mr. Dongguo felt______. A. frightening; frightened B. frightened; frightened C. frighten; frightening D. frightening; frightening

3. It’s pleasure to watch the face of a ____ baby. A. asleep B. sleep C. sleeping D. slept 4. The ____ buildings showed us that an earthquake was coming. A. shaking B. shook C. shaken D. shake

动词 - ing 在语法功能上相当于动词、形容词 和副词。现在分词通常和逻辑主语之间存在 主动关系。但要注意它的各种形式变化： 主动形式 被动形式 V-ing being V-ed having V-ed having been V-ed 动词 -ing 做状语 一般式 完成式

1.Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. 听见和进入两个动作同时发生。 2.The building being built now is our new library. being built 为现在分词的被动形式，表示 动作正在进行之中。 3.Having done the work, he went home. 完成了工作，他就回家了。

现在分词作状语 现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主 动关系。现在分词作状语，常常用来表示原 因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。 现在分词一般不用作表目的的状语（通常用 不定式表目的状语）。

Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine. (=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.) While waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily. (=While he was waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.) 1 ）表时间状语

2) 表原因状语 Being ill, he didn’t go to school. (=Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go to school.) Being a student, you should study hard. (=Since you are a student, you should study hard.) Thinking he might be at home, I called him. (=As I thought he might be at home, I called him.)

3) 表方式、伴随情况地状语 ： 作伴随状语地分词表示的动作，必须是主语的 一个 动作，或是与谓语所表示的动作（或状态） 同时发生，或是对谓语表示的动词（或状态） 作进一步地补充说明。 He sat on the sofa, watching TV. (=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)

他们笑着谈着走进了教室。 ____________________, they went into the classroom. 他斜靠 (lean) 着墙站着。 He stood leaning against the wall.( ＝ He stood and leaned against the wall.) Laughing and talking

4) 表结果 Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother. (=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.) 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受 欢迎的歌曲。 The song is sung all over the country, _____________________________. making it the most popular song

5) 表条件 Using your head, you will find a way. (=If you use your head, you will find a way.) 一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色的房子。 ______________, you will see a white house. Walking ahead

6) 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用 with (without) + 名词（代词宾格） + 分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 (7) 作独立成分： Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。

Attention Please -ing 形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主 句的主语是一致的。 Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city. ( 分词的逻辑主语是 time, 而句子的主语是 I, 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主 格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。 )

the British lady the Columbian the Japanesethe Canadian You see her step back appearing surprised. His nose touches Mr. Cook’s moving hand.

You see her step back appearing surprised. = You see her step back and she appears surprised.

They also express their feelings using unspoken language. =They also express their feelings by the way of using unspoken language. His nose touched Mr. Cook’s moving hand. =His nose touched Mr. Cook’s hand which is moving.

= They are visitors who come from several countries. They are visitors coming from several countries. = This is an experience which is exciting. This is an exciting experience.

1. When he approached Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. ______ ___________ Ms Smith, he touched her shoulder and kissed her. Rewrite the following sentences. Whenapproaching 2. The person who is translating the songs can speak seven languages. The person _________ ___ ______can speak seven languages. translatingthesongs

3. The boy standing there is reading a book about body language. The boy ____ __ ________ there is reading a book about body language. who is standing 4. Because he comes from Jordan, he moves close to ask you a question. _______ _____ Jordan, he moves close to ask you a question. Coming from

5. She sat at the desk and did her homework. She sat at the desk ______ ____ __________. doing her homework

Grammar work 语法专练 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. Not ________(know) his address, I couldn’t go to see him yesterday. 2. Look out for cars when _______(cross) the street. 3. Not _________________ (invite) to the party, Mary was greatly hurt. knowing crossing having been invited

4. He dived into the water, ______ (leave) only his face exposed. 5. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _______ (read) “Sorry to miss you; I will call later.” 6. _______ (take) a deep breath, they dived into the water. 7. ____________ (close) the windows and the door, the students left the room. leaving reading Taking Having closed

Grammar quiz 语法小测 1. When _____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

2. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ______ the same thing. A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said

3. There are hundreds of visitors _____ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait

4. ______, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally

5. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _______ away. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it. 2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay. 3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful. 4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful communications, too. Not having working Seeing speaking Correct the sentences.

5. “ Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall. 6. Knocking at the door before entering, please. 7. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world. pointing Knock making

Choose the best answer. 1. They set out ____ for the ____ boy. A. searching; losing B. searching; lost C. to search; lost D. searched; losing 2. The student sat there, ____ what to do. A. doesn’t knowing B. didn’t knowing C. not know D. not knowing

4. The ____ Prime Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks, ___ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. visiting; add B. visited; adding C. visiting; adding D. visited; added

5. The stranger said something in _______ voice and the little girl was very much ________ A. frightening, frightened B. frightened, frightening C. frightening, frightening D. frightened, frightened

6. ________the piano, someone suddenly knocked at the door. A. Playing B. When I was playing C. Repairing D. Examining

7. Mother caught the boy ______ in the corner. A. smoke B. to smoke C. being smoked D. smoking 8. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

9. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

10. “We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 11. Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in

12. The bell _______ the end of the period rang, ______ our heated discussion. A. indicating; interrupting B. indicated; interrupting C. indicating; interrupted D. indicated; interrupted

13. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

14. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. --- Well, now I regret ________ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done

16. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _____ the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing

17. ______in the queue of half an hour. Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 18. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. Having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung

19. _______ suddenly, the girl with tearful eyes ran out of the office. A. Turned B. To turn C. Turning D. Turn 20. The problem _______ at the meeting now is how to help the local economy develop quickly. A. discussing B. discuss C. being discussed D. to be discussed

21. It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. ______ the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having 22. I can’t stand _______ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ________ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop

23. Peter received a letter just now ______ his grandma would come to see him soon. A. said B. says C. saying D. to say 24. We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ______ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought

根据 A 句完成 B 句, 使两句意思不变。 1. A: Having done their homework, the children played football. B: _______________________________, the children played football. 2. A: If you work hard, you will do well in the exam. B: _______________, you will do well in the exam. 3. A: The boy fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it. After they had done their homework Working hard

B: The boy fell _______________________ __________________________. 4. A: She sat there and stared at the ceiling. B: She sat there, ___________________. 5. A: Although he is not rich, he helped the poor generously. B: ____________, he helped the poor generously. so that he struck his head against the door and cut it staring at the ceiling Not being rich

Homework 1. Finish the exercises in Discovering useful structures.