Industrialization Spreads Section 9.3

England The first country in the world to industrialize on the scale we have been talking about England inspires other countries to industrialize as well – They want to copy the “British miracle” – Who are the people who are making up the names for these events? Class structure becomes much more rigid in England – Does a class structure still exist today? Raises the standing of England around the world – People can see the wealth flowing into England and England is not shy about showing it off – Makes other countries envious of what England has

America Has a wealth of resources similar to Britain – War of 1812 – Britain blockades America and forces it to rely on its own resources to develop industry Necessity helped to force American industrialization forward Industrialization started with textiles (like Britain) – England had forbid engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers from leaving the country because they wanted to protect their secrets – Samuel Slater makes it out and emigrates to America Brings the design of the spinning machine (for thread) with him Builds one from memory, allowing Moses Brown to open the first factory using these machines – Francis Cabot Lowell and four other investors revolutionized American textiles by mechanizing all stages in the manufacturing of cloth This becomes the model for factories across the United States

America Social changes – Women began flocking to the factory towns They made higher wages Had some independence Were watched closely by factory owners to ensure “proper behavior” – Cities began to grow in ways similar to Britain’s Windy roads Close built houses Wealthy had large homes on the outskirts Dirty High crime – Immigrants Tended to take unskilled jobs Came to America looking for opportunity and usually ended up in factories Many were Northern European (Irish especially) Heavily discriminated against Britain does not see the same increase in immigration from outside the British Isles until the 1900s

America: Later Expansion Northeast saw the majority of the industrialism – Why? – US remained largely agricultural until after Civil War (1865) Huge industrial boom after the war ended – South needed to be rebuilt – New inventions: » Lead to better excavation of natural resources » Electric light bulb, telephone Rise of railroads – Chicago and Minneapolis became huge centers for trade – The railroads themselves became profitable Became symbols of power and control over the country End of the 1800s – a small number of companies control 2/3rds of the tracks in the country

America: Rise of Corporations Needed money to build large businesses (like railroads) – Entrepreneurs started selling stock – certain rights of ownership in the company – Corporation – business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts Protects the people who invest in the corporations Corporations – Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) – Carnegie Steel Company (Andrew Carnegie) – Horizontal Integration - Sought control of every aspect of their own industry in order to make big profits While the wealthy earned these big amounts, the workers were still given low wages

Continental Europe: Belgium First continental country to begin industrializing Rich deposits of iron ore and coal as well as waterways William Cockerill, a British carpenter, illegally traveled to Belgium – Carried plans for building spinning machinery – His son, John, built an industrial enterprise in Belgium Produced mechanical equipment – Steam engines – Railway locomotives Never became the powerhouse that later European powers would become – Hurt the confidence of the Belgian leadership – Reason for the control of the Congo

Continental Europe: Germany Because Germany was separate kingdoms until 1871, pockets of industrialization occurred – Coal-rich valley of the Ruhr 1835, kingdoms throughout the German confederacy were copying the British model – Imported British machines – Wealthy sent children to England to learn industrial management – Why was England okay with helping German states out but not anyone else? Started to build railroads linking the growing manufacturing cities – Frankfurt to the Ruhr Early industrialization allowed Prussia to not only create Germany but make it an industrial powerhouse by the late 1800s

Continental Europe: Everywhere else Many places started to industrialize: – Spain’s Catalonia became known for cotton – Bohemia developed a spinning industry – Northern Italy specialized in spinning silk on machinery Before it was always done by hand – France was the most stable Its agriculture did not suffer as people moved to the cities 1850s – began to create railway lines to connect the country Other places never industrialized: – Austria-Hungary – mountainous land made railroads difficult Fighting amongst the minorities made it difficult to focus on industrialization – Ottoman Empire – difficult to control the areas within the large empire Some places industrialized while others remained completely rural and out of the loop – Spain – lacked good roads and waterways for building canals Country was very heavily fragmented and was not able to build unified industrial areas

Impact of Industrialization: Inequality Widened the wealth gap – Between classes Created resentment between the upper and middle classes and the working class – Countries Wealthier countries saw poorer countries as tools for their own growth Industrialized countries needed increasingly more natural resources which they got by seizing colonies on other continents – Imperialism – policy of extending one country’s rule over other lands – Gave more power to these industrializing powers

Impact of Industrialization: Society Western countries: – Economies became focused on industry – Huge wealth gaps between classes Created resentment between classes which would allow for revolutionary ideas to creep in – Increased development of middle class allowed for more people to become educated but it was not the majority Eastern countries: – Economies still focused on agriculture and small workshops Made eastern goods more expensive and more sought after by the wealthy – Decreased power and wealth when compared to Europe – Helped to support the argument that the Eastern people were a lesser people because they were not industrializing

Impact of Industrialization: Nationalism Many countries started to industrialize because it could make them rich but also because the other countries were doing it – Why did they feel this was necessary? – How do you describe the term modern? Are these countries modern? Countries start to compare themselves to each other which strengthens the differences between them – This makes industrial power a large indicator of the strength of your nationalism and country