2.10 Organic synthesis – Oxidation of alcohols d. demonstrate an understanding of, and practise, the preparation of an organic liquid (reflux and distillation), eg oxidation of alcohols. Connector: K2Cr2O7 is a mild oxidising agent oxidising agent. Balance the ionic half equation below and state whether the Cr2072- ion is being oxidised or reduced and justify your answer. Describe the colour change for the above reaction. Draw the skeletal structures of butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol, and their reaction products, if any, when they are heated separately with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution. The oxidation of propan-1-ol to propanal can be written as: CH3CH2CH2OH + [O]  CH3CH2CHO + H2O Write the corresponding equation for the complete oxidation of propan-1-ol. How would you carry out these two reactions? Orange to green Crowe2013

Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) and alcohols K2Cr2O7/H+ O K2Cr2O7/H+ O 1o OH OH HEAT HEAT OH H aldehyde carboxylic acid K2Cr2O7/H+ OH 2o O HEAT O OH ketone K2Cr2O7/H+ OH 3o NO REACTION HEAT OH

CH3CH2CH2OH + [O]  CH3CH2CHO + H2O Heat propan-1-ol with potassium dichromate (VI) and dilute H2SO4 and immediately distil off the product. CH3CH2CH2OH + 2[O]  CH3CH2COOH + H2O Heat propan-1-ol with potassium dichromate (VI) and dilute H2SO4 under reflux. Then collect the propanoic acid by distillation. Draw labelled diagrams of the apparatus used for heating under reflux and distillation. Explain why each process is used, and describe what happens in each process.

The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated temperature (i.e. the solvent's boiling point.). The reaction will proceed at a constant temperature (i.e. the solvent's boiling point.). Any vapours given off are cooled back to liquid, and fall back into the reaction vessel Useful for performing chemical reactions under controlled conditions that require substantial time for completion. The advantage of this technique is that it can be left for a long period of time without the need to add more solvent or fear of the reaction vessel boiling dry as any vapour is immediately condensed in the condenser. heat

Distillation is a physical separation process. Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.

See exps 2.13 & 2.14 do reflux and dist parts

Preparation of ethanal 3. Why is it necessary to close the tap of the separating funnel when all of the sodium dichromate(VI) and ethanol solution has been added to the flask? 1. Explain why the collection container is surrounded by a cooling mixture. 2. Explain why it is important to add the sodium dichromate(VI) and ethanol solution to the acid solution a few drops at a time. 3. To prevent the ethanal vapour from escaping. 1. Prevents ethanal vapour escaping by condensing it. 2. The exothermic reaction would be too vigorous / hazardous / dangerous

4. Write an equation to show the oxidation of ethanol into ethanal using [O] to represent the oxidizing agent. CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3CHO + H2O 5. Write an equation to show the oxidation of ethanol into ethanoic acid using [O] to represent the oxidizing agent. CH3CH2OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O