INTRODUCTION

Anatomical position  Standing at attention )The palm are held forward with thumb pointing away from the body).

Anatomical Terms  Superior  Anterior  Medial  Intermediate  Proximal  Superficial  inferior  Posterior  lateral  distal  deep

Regional Terms  Anterior body landmarks  Posterior body landmarks

Body planes and Sections  Sagittal section  Frontal section  Transverse section  Midsagital Or coronal Or cross section

Body cavities  Dorsal body cavity : The cranial cavity : is the space inside the bony skull. The spinal cavity : it extends from the cranial cavity nearly to end of the vertebral column.

 Ventral body cavity : The thoracic cavity : is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome- shaped muscle, the diaphragm. Organs in the thoracic cavity are protected by rib cage.

The abdominopelvic cavity :it lies inferior to the diaphragm. The abdominal, pelvic cavity.

 The abdominopelvic is divided into four equal regions called quadrants.  Right upper quadrants.  Right lower quadrants.  Left upper quadrants.  Left lower quadrants.

 Epigastric  Umbilical region  Hypogastric  Right&left hypochondric regions  Right&left lumber region  Right&left iliac region Or inguinal regions Or inguinal regions

Movement All the activities promoted by the muscular system

Types of body movements  Flexion & Extension.  Rotation.  Abduction & Adduction.  Circumduction.

Classification of bones  Adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones.  Two basic types of osseous or bone tissue: Compact bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. Compact bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous. Spongy bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space. Spongy bone is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space.

 Bones are classified according to to shape into four group:  Long bone  Short bone(cup-shaped)  Flat bone (thin, flattened, and usually curved)  Irregular bone

Long bone  Long bones are longer than wide.  Long bones have shaft with two heads at both ends.  Long bones are mostly compact bone.  All the bones of the limbs, are long bone except wrist and ankle bones.

Structure of long bone  Diaphysis (shaft) composed of compact bone and covered by periosteum.  Epiphysis are ends of long bone composed of thin layer of compact bone enclosing spongy bone and covered by articular cartilage instead of periosteum.  Epiphyseal line is a thin line of bone tissue spanning the epiphysis, it is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate.  Medullary cavity

Short bones  Cube-shaped &spongy bone  Wrist&ankle bone.  Sesamoid bone are special type of short bone which is form with tendon.  Patella or kneecap.

Flat bones  Thin, flattened, and usually curved.  Two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them.  Skull, ribs, sternum.

Irregular bone  Vertebrae, hip.

Functions of bones  Support  Protection  Movement  Storage  Blood cell formation.