Green Chemistry as a tool to prevent Pharmaceutical Hazards and Pollution Dr. Gannu Praveen Kumar M. Pharm., PhD Professor and Principal Department of Pharmaceutics Sahasra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences CDSCO

Industrial Chemistry

Chemical Industry Output

Chemical Industry Output

Growing incidence of environmental accidents

E-Factors across the chemical Industry Mass Intensity = mass of all materials used excluding water/mass of product kg (kg product) Solvent Intensity = mass of all solvent used excluding water/mass of product k g (kg product) % Solvent Intensity = mass of all solvent/mass intensity kg (kg product) Water Intensity = mass of all water used/mass of product = kg (kg product) E factor = Total mass of waste produced/Total mass of product produced

Solvent usage for APIs Synthesis

Green Chemistry Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Application: to advance the implementation of green chemistry and engineering principles into all aspects of the chemical enterprise Education and Research Education Industrial Implementation Examples!

Green Chemistry = Pharmaceutical Hazard & Pollution Free “Green chemistry is the science that introduces new substances into the world and we have a responsibility for their impact in the world.”

Fundamentals of Green Chemistry Increase awareness and understanding of green chemistry principles, alternatives, practices and benefits. Integrate the principles of Green Chemistry & Green Engineering into the curricula. Equip chemists to meet tomorrow’s scientific challenges. Risk = f(Hazard*Exposure) Target audiences: public, academia, industry We believe that through green chemistry education, chemists will be better equipped to develop an environmentally and economically sustainable chemical enterprise.

Principles of Green Chemistry CATEGORY METHODS EXAMPLES Prevention Waste prevention is better than treatment or clean-up Use of solvent less sample preparation techniques Atom Economy Chemical synthesis should maximize the incorporation of all starting materials Hydrogenation of carboxlic acid to aldehydes using solid catalysts Less Hazardous Syntheses Chemical synthesis ideally should use and generate non-hazardous substances Adipic acid synthesis by oxidation of cyclohexene using hydrogen peroxide Design Safer Chemicals Chemical products should be designed to be nontoxic New less hazardous pesticides Design for Energy Efficiency Energy demands in chemical syntheses should be minimized Polyolefins-polimer alternative to PWC (polymerization may be carried with lower energy consumption) Safer Solvents and Auxillaries The use of auxiliaries should be minimized Supercritical fluid extraction, synthesis in ionic liquids Inherently Safer Chemistry Substances should have minimum potential for accidents Di-Me carbonate (DMC) is an environmentally friendly substitute for di-Me sulfate and Me halides in methylation reactions Renewable Feedstocks Raw materials increasingly should be renewable Production of surfactants Reduce Derivatives Derivations should be minimized On-fiber derivatization vs derivatization in solution in sample preparation Catalysis Catalysts are superior to reagents Efficient Au(III)-cata;yzed synthesis of b-enaminones from 1,3-dicarbonyl compds. And amines Design for Degradation Chemical products should break down into innocuous products Synthesis of biodegradable polymers Real-time Analysis Chemical processes require better control Use of in-line analyzers for wastewater monitoring

Green Chemistry Patents

Number of publications

Key Factors Driving Adoption of Green Chemistry

Sustainable Business Processes

Rowan Solvent Greeness Scoring Index Weighted Solvent Greenness Index Solvent = (OSI10⋅solvent ) (Masssolvent) Total Process Greenness Index =Σ Weighted Solvent Greenness Indexsolvent • Inhalation Toxicity − Threshold Limit Value ( TLV ) • Ingestion Toxicity • Biodegradation • Carcinogenicity • Half – Life • Global Warming Potential

Greenness scores for commonly used solvents

Solvent usage in the development of Sildenafil

Waste generation per kilogram of Sitagliptin produced

Dichloromethane use at small molecule discovery sites

Importance of Green Chemistry in Nanotechnology In recent years, the development of efficient green chemistry methods for synthesis of nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. An eco-friendly technique for production of well-characterized nanoparticles. Production of metal nanoparticles using organisms ( living or dead) Plants seem to be the best candidates and they are suitable for large- scale biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable and the rate of synthesis is faster than in the case of microorganisms.

Life-Cycle of Nanomaterials

Manufacturing methods used in nanoparticle synthesis

Some Important Synthetic Methods Metallic Nanoparticles Some Important Synthetic Methods Gold Chemical reduction of salts; Biological synthesis Sliver Microemulsion; Biological synthesis Palladium Chemical reduction; Biological synthesis Zinc Oxide Magnetitie Copper Indium Oxide Microemulsion; Biological Synthesis

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

Surface Modification of Nanoparticles

Metallic Nanoparticles

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Separation of magnetic colloidal carriers

Applications

Green Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Industry

Green Pharmaceutical Industry Design

Conclusion The Unique Green Chemistry Applications: Non-toxic manufacture of metallic nanoparticles Solvent Consumption Reduction Safer Environment Cost Reduction

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