The End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” –Winston Churchill, 1946
Eastern Europe in the 70s and 80s Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia after Prague Spring 1970s - Growing international debt; economic stagnation; Strikes in Poland show the decline of the system; Helsinki Accord Cardinal Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II Pope’s visit to Poland Solidarity (Solidarność) in Poland under leadership of Lech Wałęsa Wałęsa is arrested and martial law declared in Poland Death of Leonid Brezhnev; Yuri Andropov takes over as General Secretary of USSR March: Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the USSR April: Explosion of nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine Round Table Talks in Poland; Hungarian Democratic Forum is created
Timeline: 1989 February: Rehabilitation of Imre Nagy May: Opening of borders between Hungary and Austria June: Elections in Poland Summer: Reburial of Imre Nagy in Heroes’ Square in Budapest and death of Janos Kadar October and November: Protests in East Germany and Czechoslovakia 9 November: Fall of Berlin Wall November: transfer of power in Bulgaria December: Vaclav Havel takes power in Czechoslovakia 25 December: Execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu in Romania, after being ousted from power a few days before
Thematic Overview: “People Power” ? Older, Neo-Stalinist elite in Eastern Europe, gradually replaced by younger reformist Communists Economics: High debt (Poland, Hungary) and slow growth The USSR’s refusal to intervene: the “Sinatra Doctrine” Intellectual movements / Helsinki: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland Environmentalism and Peace movements The role of the Church: East Germany, Slovakia, *Poland* Exposure to the West In general, loss of credibility