Add these definitions to your vocab sheet… Line of Sight: the straight path taken from an object to a person’s eye. Shadows: a region of darkness where light is blocked. The angle of the light source can affect the length of the shadow. If the light source is high then the shadows will be short. If the light source is low, the shadows will be long.

How does Peter Pan get to Never Never Land? What trail did Dorothy take to get to Oz? How do you get to Grandfather's house at Thanksgiving? Unfortunately only spaceships navigate through the stars, there aren't many yellow brick roads around, and cars aren't preprogrammed with directions to Grandfather's house. Instead we count on people like cartographers to tell us how to get where we want to go. Cartographers are map makers. Because the Earth is round and paper is flat, it is hard to draw a map without distorting the shape of the Earth. A map maker decides the type of projection to use based on who will be using the map.

 Equal-area -- the shape of the continents and directions (north, south, east, west) are distorted, but the size of the continents in relation to one another are correct.

 Conformal -- the shape of the continents and directions (north, south, east, west) are correct and the size is distorted. Navigators and surveyors use conformal maps because they need true shape and direction. In atlases, maps of the whole world often use Mercator’s projection. A sheet of paper is wrapped like a cylinder round the globe, touching the equator all round. The meridians are drawn as lines that stay the same distance apart all the way up and down. On the globe, of course, they get closer towards the poles. This means that on Mercator’s projection, countries nearer the pole are stretched sideways, in an east-west direction. To keep their shapes right on Mercator’s projection, these countries are also stretched in the north-south direction by moving the parallels of latitude farther apart as they get nearer the poles. The trouble is, this makes countries near the poles so much larger in all directions that Greenland looks bigger than the USA, when in fact it has only about the same area as Mexico.

 Compromise -- the shape of the continents and directions (north, south, east, west) are distorted, but the distortions are balanced. Most maps use compromise projections.

 Azimuthal Equidistant -- the distance between two points on a straight line can be measured accurately. Airplanes use Equidistant projections.

Maps are the basic tools of geography. They enable us to things that take up length, width and height on paper. There are rules used in cartography which allow a map to be read efficiently and quickly. Maps display signs, symbols, and spatial relationships among the features. They typically emphasize some features, generalize others, and omit certain features from the display to meet design objectives Making a map is difficult. There are several things you must include.

A good map will have a legend or key which will show the user what different symbols mean.

Every map is a representation of a larger portion of the earth. Since an accurate map represents the land, each map has a "scale" which indicates the relationship between a certain distance on the map and the distance on the ground. The map scale is usually located in the legend box of a map, which explains the symbols and provides other important information about the map.

Without a north arrow, it is difficult to determine the orientation of a map. With a north arrow (pointing in the correct direction), a user can determine direction.

A map's title provides important clues about the cartographer's intentions and goals.

Color appears so often on maps that we often take it for granted that mountains are brown and rivers are blue. Just as there are many types of color maps, there are also many different color schemes used by cartographers. The map user should look to the legend for an explanation of colors on a map.

What Are Latitude and Longitude? The latitude of a point is defined as the elevation angle of that point above or below the equator.

On the globe, lines of constant longitude ("meridians") extend from pole to pole, like the segment boundaries on a peeled orange. The longitude of a point is defined as the marked value of that division where its meridian meets the equator.

Imagine having to make a map of a circular object like an orange. How would you do it? We are going to create our own maps in an activity called… Bom, Bom MAP YOUR HEAD!!!

MAP YOUR HEAD… You will need to use an 8 and ½ by 11 in sheet of paper. You will need to have a key or legend showing, parts of your face including eyes, nose, mouth, ears, hair, chin, eye brows, cheeks, etc. You will need to show the scale in centimeters. You will need to show orientation where the top of your head is the North Pole. You will need a title. You will need colors that represent something specific and are explained in your legend. You will need to show latitude and longitude lines.

4  Assignment is completed.  Directions are followed.  Work shows a thorough understanding of the topic with attention to details. 3  Assignment is completed.  Most or all directions were followed.  Work shows a good understanding of the topic. 2  Most of the assignment is completed or attempted.  Some directions are followed.  Work shows a partial understanding of the topic. 1  Less than ½ of the assignment is completed or attempted.  Directions are not followed.  Work shows little or no understanding of the topic. 0  Assignment not turned in.