Daniel Matthiä(1)‏, Bernd Heber(2), Matthias Meier(1),

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Daniel Matthiä(1)‏, Bernd Heber(2), Matthias Meier(1), 24.07.2009 The Impact of Solar Particle Events on the Radiation Exposure in Aviation Daniel Matthiä(1)‏, Bernd Heber(2), Matthias Meier(1), Thomas Berger(1), and Günther Reitz(1) (1) Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany (2) Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany

Introduction: Dose Rates at Aviation Altitudes 24.07.2009 Introduction: Dose Rates at Aviation Altitudes Radiation exposure is increased at aviation altitudes Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) Solar energetic particles (SEP) during Ground level events/enhancements (GLE)

Radiation Exposure (Galactic Cosmic Rays) Latitudinal dependence (Magnetic shielding) Altitude dependence (Atmospheric shielding) Temporal dependence (Solar modulation) Solar minimum

Ground Level Enhancements (GLE)‏ 24.07.2009 Ground Level Enhancements (GLE)‏ GLE69 Kiel NM What is the primary particle spectrum? How is the radiation environment affected? 4

Determination of SEP spectrum 24.07.2009 Determination of SEP spectrum Assume spectrum for Solar Energetic Particles at time t Calculate secondary particle fluences and Neutron-Monitor count rates related to GCR and SEP (PLANETOCOSMICS, GEANT4) Compare to measured count rates (~30 stations)‏ Adapt spectrum for SEP (Minimization)‏ Calculate secondary particle fluences at aviation altitudes Conversion to radiation exposure 5

Primary SEP spectrum Assumption: 24.07.2009 Primary SEP spectrum Assumption: Power law in rigidity R with spectral index γ 6

24.07.2009 Primary SEP spectrum Assumption: Power law in rigidity R with spectral index γ Linear dependence in the angle α with anisotropy parameter b Minimize differences in calculated and measured count rates by adapting the parameters! 7

Results Modeling of Ground Level Events

GLE 70: Neutron Monitor Count Rate Increases 24.07.2009 GLE 70: Neutron Monitor Count Rate Increases Strong increase Slower, delayed increase High anisotropy 9

Results GLE 70: Calculated Neutron Monitor Count Rates 24.07.2009 Results GLE 70: Calculated Neutron Monitor Count Rates 10

Results - GLE70: Primary proton spectra 24.07.2009 Results - GLE70: Primary proton spectra Softening of the spectrum Decrease in intensity 11

Results - GLE70: Dose rates at 200g/cm2 (≈12km, ≈FL390)‏ 24.07.2009 Results - GLE70: Dose rates at 200g/cm2 (≈12km, ≈FL390)‏ Along 25°E Peak values of 4.5 to 5 times GCR background 12

Results - GLE70: Dose Rates on High Latitude Flights 24.07.2009 Results - GLE70: Dose Rates on High Latitude Flights Results - GLE70: Dose Rates on High Latitude Flights ‏Frankfurt – Los Angeles (FRA-LAX): North Atlantic route New York to Bejing (JFK-PEK): Polar route On the great circle‏‏ at 200 g/cm2 (≈12km, ≈FL390) 13

Results - GLE70: Dose Rates on High Latitude Flights 24.07.2009 Results - GLE70: Dose Rates on High Latitude Flights ‏At 200 g/cm2 (≈12km, ≈FL390)‏‏ FRA-LAX: ~120 μSv (~90μSv)‏ JFK-PEK: ~130 μSv (~100μSv) ~30% increase above GCR 12km altitude GCR GCR+SEP 14

Results – Analysis of GLEs 24.07.2009 Results – Analysis of GLEs Results – Analysis of GLEs Date Spectral index Effective Dose increase (Flights on the northern hemisphere) GLE42 Sept. 29th, 1989 3.5-6 Up to 600% GLE60 April 15th, 2001 Up to 130% GLE69 (1) Jan. 20th, 2005 5.5-7 GLE70 (2) Dec. 13th, 2006 4.5-6 Up to 30% (1)Matthiä et al., 2009, J. Geophys. Res., 114 (2)Matthiä et al., 2009, Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 136 15 Results – Analysis of GLEs

24.07.2009 Summary Transport calculations of GCR and SEP through the magnetosphere and atmosphere Determination of primary particle spectra during GLEs were derived from Neutron Monitor count rate increases The model can provide based on NM data: Temporal evolution of SEP events over several hours Incident direction Energy spectrum Angular distribution Total effective doses and dose rates for arbitrary locations and flights Increases in the total effective dose on northern hemisphere flights between 30% and 600%

Dosimetric Quantities 24.07.2009 Dosimetric Quantities Absorbed Dose Equivalent Dose Effective Dose Ambient Dose Equivalent 17

Results Neutron Monitors – Asymptotic Viewing Directions 24.07.2009 Results Neutron Monitors – Asymptotic Viewing Directions Large rigidity Small rigidity 18

GLE 70: Selected Neutron Monitor Count Rate Increases 24.07.2009 GLE 70: Selected Neutron Monitor Count Rate Increases Strong increase High anisotropy Slower, delayed increase 19

Results - GLE 70 - Primary Proton Spectrum Average Spectrum December, 13th 2006, 2:40 UTC - 11:35 UTC

Results - GLE 70: Parameter of the primary spectrum 24.07.2009 Results - GLE 70: Parameter of the primary spectrum Intensity at 1GV 21

Results - GLE 70: Parameter of the primary spectrum 24.07.2009 Results - GLE 70: Parameter of the primary spectrum Spectral parameter 22

Results - GLE 70: Parameter of the primary spectrum 24.07.2009 Results - GLE 70: Parameter of the primary spectrum Anisotropy parameter 23

Results - GLE 70: Incident direction of the SEP 24.07.2009 Results - GLE 70: Incident direction of the SEP Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from ACE 24

“Is the Sun mad at us?”