CHAPTER 2: PSYCHOANALYSIS Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Third Edition By Nancy L. Murdock Prepared by Marcy Stites

Case Study “Barb”

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Highlights of Freud’s Background Mentor, Joseph Breuer – talk therapy “Interpretation of Dreams” – self-analysis Family dynamics, relationships, locations, and education Wednesday Psychological Society (1902) Laid the foundation for the profession of psychology and the practice of psychotherapy

Basic Philosophy Pessimist

Other Basic Philosophies Conflicts between genetically built-in drives, the instincts of self-preservation, sex, and destruction Person is determined before the age of 6 Unconscious most powerful source of behavior

Components of Psychoanalysis Human Motivation -- Intrapsychic conflicts Central Constructs Instinct Theory: Eros, Thanatos, and Libido Topographic Model: Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious Structural Model Id: Pleasure principle Ego: Reality principle Superego: conscience

Defense Mechanisms Other Defense Mechanisms Repression Fixation Symbols of psychic conflict Other Defense Mechanisms Identification: qualities of another person are taken into the individual’s personality Displacement: unwelcome impulse is deflected onto another person Projection: externalization of an unacceptable wish Reaction formation: an unacceptable urge is transformed into its opposite Sublimation: funneling of the unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity Regression: a threatened individual retreats to an earlier stage of development

Psychosexual Development Erotogenic zones: satisfaction of sexual drive via different zones of the body Sexual Development Oral: mouth Anal: elimination Phallic: Oedipal & Castration Anxiety Latency: sexual quiescence Genital: integrated with the reproductive function

Health and Dysfunction Healthy able to love and work minimal level of repression the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring unconscious material into the conscious Dysfunction unresolved unconscious conflicts all dysfunction originates by age 6 result of fixation due to unresolved conflicts

Anxiety The basis of dysfunction Types of Anxiety Neurotic: fear of libido Moral: fear of the punitive superego Realistic: appropriate affective reaction Examples of Anxiety hysterical neurosis: seduction theory to conversion disorder Phobias: objects represent feared libido Obsessive-compulsive neurosis Depression: melancholia and mourning Psychoses

Nature of Therapy Assessment Therapeutic Atmosphere hypnosis catharsis, or emotional expression therapist is to remain “abstinent,” or a neutral stimulus, in the therapeutic relationship analytic couch free association Role of Client/Counselor transference and countertransference counselors should undergo analyses themselves Goal: to help the client uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts and to strengthen the ego by redirecting energy to conscious processes

Process of Therapy Insight: understand the sources of her current behavior and symptoms Resistance: psychic apparatus fights to keep it out of awareness Transference (key to successful psychoanalysis ): positive and negative emotions toward the therapist Countertransference: therapist loses her/his objectivity due to projection

Phases of Therapy Opening Phase: attempt to see if analysis is appropriate Development of Transference: free association and therapist begins to become a very important figure Working Through: repeated and more elaborate analysis of the transference Resolution of Transference: has insight into her/his conflicts and the transference process (the event is marked by a resurgence of the client’s symptoms)

Therapeutic Techniques Free Association Interpretation Analysis of resistance Dream Analysis: manifest and latent Analysis of Transference

Evaluation of the Theory Qualities of the Theory: difficult to test, problem of refutability Empirical Validity: Some good empirical support for several more recent, narrowly defined forms Research Outcome Interpretation Outcome Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity Case Study: Barb

Research Sollod et al., 2009 Maddi, 1996 Borenstein, 2005 Westen, 1998 Shedler, 2010 Lambert & Ogles, 2004 Leichsenring, 2009 Leuzinger-Bohleber & Target, 2002 De Maat et al., 2009 Hogland et al., 2007 Hovarth et al., 2011 Emns et al., 1995 Desjardins & Scoboria, 2007

Conclusion Humans are motivated by conflicts between unconscious and conscious forces