Fresh Water Warm-up In your science journal make an acrostic poem by writing down a line for each letter of the word: W A T E R

FRESHWATER CORNELL NOTES R. Michelle Esserwein Palmer Middle School 6th Grade AC Science

LET’S COMPLETE THE HEADING! 1. Write your name, class period & date Topic/Objective: Freshwater Essential Question: How is freshwater distributed on Earth?

Cornell Notes~AVID Style!!! Write on the RIGHT side only......for now! Leave space in between sections Do not write in the summary on the bottom! Continue on the back! We will be writing short summaries and Costa’s questions for each page at a later time. READY! SET!!! NOTES!!!

1. Distribution of Water Earth stands out from other planets in our solar system primarily for one reason----WATER!!! 71% of Earth’s surface is covered with water 97% Salt Water 3% Freshwater Ice Shallow groundwater Deep groundwater Lakes/Rivers Water Vapor

2. Porosity: How much space is in between soil particles? Definition: Percentage of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces. More open spaces/pores (tiny holes) = more water it can hold

3. Permeability: How much water can get through? Definition: Ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces or pores. The larger the particles, the more permeable rock layer. Sand and gravel will have large pores between the grains, so they are very permeable.

4. Impermeable Does not allow water to easily pass through. Has few pores or cracks. Will cause water to pool on top of it. Clay and granite are impermeable.

Water located within the rocks below Earth’s surface. 5. Groundwater Water located within the rocks below Earth’s surface.

6. Location of Groundwater Surface water seeps underground into the soil & rock. Underground area divided into two zones: Zone of aeration Zone of saturation Two zones meet at a boundary known as the water table.

7. Zone of Saturation Saturated = to soak or fill completely. When water reaches an impermeable layer (bedrock), it stops sinking into the Earth. The spaces between the rock particles are filled with water. If you dig a hole this deep you will see your hole start to fill with water.

8. Zone of Aeration (Unsaturated Zone) The area above the water table is the zone of aeration. Permeable layer Allows the water to move down to the water table.

9. Water Table The top of the saturated zone is called the water table. The more it rains, the higher the water table will get. The more water you take out (ex: well), the lower the water table will get. Knowing the depth of the water table will tell you how far down you must dig to find water. Where the water table is above ground you will find streams, ponds, and lakes.

10. Underground Layers

11. Aquifers A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater. Some cover large, underground areas. Important water source for cities and agriculture

12. Underground Erosion & Deposition Groundwater causes erosion by dissolving rock. Weak acids (carbonic acid); dissolves rock Forms caves. Water drips from a crack in the cave’s ceiling leaving deposits of calcium carbonate. Stalactites=Sharp, icicle-shaped features; form on cave ceilings. Stalagmites=Cone-shaped features; form on the floor of a cave from water falling from above. Dripstone column=Stalactites and stalagmites form together.

13. Underground Erosion & Deposition (continued) When the water table is lower than the level of a cave, the cave is no longer supported by the water underneath. Roof collapses, leaving a circular depression called a “sinkhole”. Often form lakes in areas where the water table is high. Example: Central Florida is covered with hundreds of round sinkhole lakes.

Sinkhole in Winter Park, Florida