Kingdom Animalia Zoology

Variety in the World of Animals Variety in cell number  Protozoic – single-celled  Metazoic – multi-celled animals

Variety in the World of Animals Variety in how energy is obtained  Autotroph – makes its own food from inorganic sources. Ex: Plants, some bacteria, some protists make their own food using light energy  Heterotroph – cannot make its own food. They obtain energy by consuming other organisms. Ex: Animals, fungi, some protists, some bacteria

Variety in the World of Animals Variety in symmetry  Bilateral symmetry – an organism can be cut in half in only one plane and have both sides look alike. Most animals as well as humans have bilateral symmetry.

Variety in the World of Animals  Radial symmetry – an organism can be cut in half in several ways through the center and the two halves will still be alike. Ex: starfish, sea urchin

Variety in the World of Animals  Asymmetry – an organism whose shape changes or has such a great variety in its shape that symmetry is not found. Ex: amoeba

Phylum Vertebrates (Phylum Chordata) 1.have a backbone (can be bone or cartilage) 2.have a distinct head 3.have an endoskeleton 4.make up only 3% of all animals 5.includes birds, fish, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians

Variety in Phylum Invertebrates (make up 32 different phyla) 1.lack a backbone 2.do not have a cranium 3.may have an exoskeleton 4.over 2 million different species 5.includes insects, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, sponges, and worms

Vertebrates Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics of all vertebrates 1.have a spinal cord with a brain at the anterior end 2.brain is protected by a skull 3.body has a backbone or notochord for support

Characteristics of all vertebrates 4. have an endoskeleton made of bone and/or cartilage 5. have an axial and an appendicular skeleton 6. have bilateral symmetry 7. have complex body systems

7 classes of vertebrates 1.Class Mammalia 2.Class Aves 3.Class Reptilia 4.Class Amphibia 5.Class Osteichthyes 6.Class Chondrichthyes 7.Class Cyclostomata

Class Mammalia  Endothermic  Breathe with lungs  Have hair and mammary glands  ~ 4000 living species  Ex: cats, dogs, rodents, apes, elephants

Class Aves  Endothermic  Breathe with lungs  Have wings, feathers, and two feet  ~ 9000 living species  Ex: eagles, robin, penguins, emu

Class Reptilia  Ectothermic  Breathe with lungs  Have dry, scaly skin  ~ 6000 living species  Ex: snakes, lizards, turtles

Class Amphibia  Ectothermic  Soft, moist skin  Usually breathe with gills in younger stages; most adults breathe with lungs  ~ 3000 living species  Ex: frogs, salamanders, caecilians

Class Osteichthyes  Ectothermic  Aquatic with fins and scales  Breathe with gills  Skeleton is made partly or wholly from bone  ~ 21,000 living species  Ex: perch, bass, trout, tuna, sea horse

Class Chondrichthyes  Ectothermic  Aquatic with fins and scales  Breathe with gills  Have skeletons made of cartilage  ~ 800 living species  Ex: sharks, rays, chimaeras

Class Cyclostomata  Ectothermic  Aquatic  Have slimy, scaleless bodies  Breathe with gills  Have skeletons made of cartilage  Lack jaws  ~ 45 living species  Ex: lampreys, hagfish

Class Mammalia

All mammals 1.are warmblooded 2.have hair 3.have mammary glands 4.breathe air with lungs 5.have a four-chambered heart

Most mammals 1.have two pairs of limbs 2.have 7 neck vertebrae (exception: sloth, manatee) 3.are born alive

Mammal reproduction Mammals can be divided several different ways depending on how the young are born and how they are nourished

Mammal reproduction Type of birth  Viviparous – bear live young and nourish them during development; most mammals are born this way  Oviparous – after internal fertilization, eggs are laid and incubated; the platypus and echidna have young this way

Mammal reproduction (3rd way is not found in mammals, but is found in some reptiles)  Ovoviviparous – eggs are fertilized but kept inside the mother, after eggs hatch, live young come out

Mammal reproduction Type of nourishment  Placental – developing young are attached to the placenta in the uterus and are given nutrients from the mother; after birth, the mother continues to nourish the babies with milk produced in mammary glands

Mammal reproduction  Egg-laying – developing young receive nutrients from the yolk inside of the egg; after hatching, they receive milk from the mother for their nourishment  Pouched – young are born very tiny (premature) and are kept in a pouch until they are old enough to move around on their own; milk is available to them inside the pouch

Orders in Class Mammalia

Tubilidentata  Eat ants; tube- teeth  One specie  Aaardvark

Dermoptera  Arboreal gliding mammals  2 species  Flying lemur

Proboscidea  Mammals with trunks  2 species  African elephant, Asian elephant

Sirenia  Aquatic mammals  4 species  Manatee, dugong

Monotremata  Egg-laying mammals  6 species  Platypus, echidna

Pholidota  Mammals with horny scales  8 species  Pangolin

Hyracoidea  Defenseless mammals with padded feet  11 species  Hyrax

Perissodactyla  Odd-toed, hoofed mammal  16 species  Horse, rhinoceros

Edentata  Toothless or peg- toothed mammals  31 species  Armadillo, sloth

Lagomorpha  Mammals with four upper incisor teeth  63 species  Rabbit, pika

Cetacea  Marine mammals  84 species  Blue whale, bottlenose dolphin

Primata  Tree-dwelling mammals  166 species  Gorilla, ring-tailed lemur

Artiodactyla  Even-toed hoofed mammals  171 species  Giraffe, cow

Marsupialia  Pouched mammals  242 species  Koala, kangaroo

Carnivora  Flesh-eating mammals  284 species  Lion, walrus, bear

Insectivora  Insect-eating mammals  400 species  Mole, shrew

Chiroptera  Flying mammals  875 species  Gray bat, vampire bat

Rodentia  Gnawing mammals  1687 species  Beaver, rat, squirrel