The French Revolution Introduction and Context Jacobin Mobs of the French Revolution What seems revolutionary in this scene? The Schiller Institute.

Historical Thinking Concepts Primary Source Evidence Continuity and Change Causes and Consequences Historical Perspectives

Quiz and HTC Journal Quiz: Fri. March 27 (half period) “Terms for French Revolution Quiz” ◦ Open notebook HTC Journal: primary evidence (lots of docs), con’t and change [progress and decline, turning points], some causes and consequences

Phases of the French Revolution (Periodization, Pace of Change) Prelude ◦ Traditional aristocratic rights reasserted vs. royal absolutism Phase 1, ◦ Tone: Moderate ◦ Who: Middle class, bourgeoisie (with some street action in Paris) ◦ Form of Gov’t: Constitutional Monarchy

Phases of the French Revolution Phase 2, ◦ Radical (The Terror- Jacobins under Robespierre) ◦ Peasants and Paris workers (sans culottes) ◦ Foreign Wars ◦ Republic (execution of the king)

Phases of the French Revolution Phase 3, ◦ Conservative/ Moderate ◦ Napoleon rises out of the Directory ◦ Still a republic but back to conservative/moderate

Enlightenment = Liberal Vs. France = Absolute Monarchy conservative = preserve tradition moderate radical = change a lot Where were enlightened philosophes on this spectrum?

Economic Context

French Burden of Taxation on The Peasants French Peasants must pay… To the Church:  Tithe To the State:  Taille  Vingtieme  Capitation  Gabelle (salt tax) To Seigneur: (feudal lord of his/her parish) o Corvee (cash or kind) o Cens (feudal rent in cash) o Champart (renit in kind) o Lods et ventes ( charge on the transfer of property) o If he doesn’t own land himself, he may have to pay to use the lord’s mill, wine press, or bakery *Note: In France, grain prices increased by 60% between 1730 and 1789

Social Context (and some Economic, too)

First EstateThe ClergyMain Privileges About 130, archbishops and bishops 2,800 canons and priors 37,000 nuns and 23,000 monks 60,000 parish priests Had their own law courts (parlement) Exempt from taxes Second EstateThe nobilityMain Privileges Between 120,000 and 350,000 people King and queen Nobles of the sword: princes, dukes, marquises, counts, viscounts, barons, knights Nobles of the robe Had the right to carry a sword Received special treatment in law courts (parlement) Exempt from taxes Third EstateEverybody elsePrivileges About 27 million people Lawyers, doctors, businessmen, merchants, soldiers, craftsmen, shopkeepers, peasants, etc. None The Three Estates in France – A Corporatist View of Society Bourgeoisie = professionals parish priests

Conflict… Three Estates add to financial crisis (First and Second don’t pay taxes!!!!) Everyone in conflict with Louis XVI, pointing out flaws of absolute monarchy bourgeoisienobility Louis XVI Complain about centralization Re-assert power by claiming law courts have to register the King’s edicts (laws) Influence of enlightenment/ philosophes makes them critical of absolute monarchy Want constitutional monarchy

Political Context

French Institutions of Gov’t Under Absolute Monarchy Where is the only place where the third estate had any influence?

Estates General A sort of parliament where the three estates get to meet (May, 1789) Haven't met since 1615!!! Estates vote by order (by estate) despite equal numbers (don’t vote by head - individually) 1 2 3

Estates General Con’t… Six months pass between the calling and the meeting Before the meeting each estate of each region of France gets to write its grievances (complaints, criticisms) in the form of Cahiers de Doleances ◦ every estate had complaints, but didn’t agree how to reform government

Cahiers de Doleances Activity In pairs read the Cahiers PSD (in handouts) and complete the comparative organizer on Three Estates (in handouts) ◦ You may not have something for every box ◦ Vocab  Edict = rule or law  Deliberation = discussion  Order = estate  Arbitrary = random  Concurrence = agreement  Inherent = built-in, naturally part of  Inviolable = cannot be taken away  Legislative = law-making

Cahiers Consolidation: Surprise or As Expected? “since diversity of religious opinions … respectful devotion to the Catholic religion…” ( ) “the legislative power reside collectively in the hands of the king and the united nation.” () “every arbitrary order prejudicial to the liberty of citizens be abolished entirely;” () “no tax be established without the concurrence [agreement] of the legislative power.” () “tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all class of citizens.” () 10 = surprise, 1 = as expected

Homework Finish cahiers chart Read pages in the text. Take notes on: ◦ causes ◦ National Assembly ◦ Cahiers ◦ Bread Riots ◦ Bastille ◦ Estates General Voting ◦ Abbe Sieyes