U.S. History 04 December 2015

Warm-up Huey Long Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act

Objective Summarize Second New Deal Programs Identify critics of FDRs New Deal programs. Create a chart of the programs

Objective Summarize hardships faced by the people during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.

DEFICIT SPENDING Keynesian economics (John Maynard Keynes, 1936) Government should spend great amounts of money to help economy grow again. Goal: put money in the hands of consumers and reduce taxes to increase spending. They buy goods, which fuels economic growth. Problem: Where to find money?

CRITICS EMERGE Despite the renewed confidence of many Americans, critics from both political spectrums emerged Liberals (left) felt FDR’s program was NOT doing enough Conservatives (right) felt that government intervention was TOO much and interfered with our free market economy

SUPREME COURT REACTS By the mid-1930s, the Supreme Court struck down the NIRA as unconstitutional (citing too much government control over industry) The Court also struck down the AAA on the grounds that agricultural was a local matter -- not a federal matter The Supreme Court

FDR REGAINS CONTROL OVER SUPREME COURT “Court-packing bill” – to appoint 6 new justices. Storm of protest! From the mid to late 1930s, FDR was able to appoint 7 new judges to the Supreme Court, thus assuring that his programs would carry on unabated.

MORE CRITICS Every Sunday, Father Charles Coughlin broadcast radio sermons slamming FDR He called for a guaranteed annual income and nationalized banks At his height of popularity, Coughlin had 45 million listeners His increasingly anti-Semitic remarks ultimately cost him support Coughlin

ANOTHER CRITIC Huey Long was a Senator from Louisiana who was a constant (and effective) critic of FDR Long was setting up a run for president A lone gunman assassinated Long at the height of his popularity in 1935 Huey Long made effective use of radio to promote his views

ELECTION OF 1936 The Republicans nominated Alfred Landon, Governor of Kansas the Democrats (of course) nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt FDR wins 1936 election FDR wins in 1936

FDR WINS IN AGAIN FDR had wide appeal in the United States, especially in urban areas African Americans, Jews, Catholics and immigrants all supported the popular president FDR & Eleanor campaign by rail in 1936

ROOSEVELT (RED) VS. LANDON (BLUE) 1936 ELECTION

The Second New Deal Chapter 15 Section 2

Although the economy had improved during FDR’s first term ( ), the gains were not as great as expected Unemployment remained high and production still lagged

THE SECOND HUNDRED DAYS FDR launches the “Second New Deal, ” also called the “Second Hundred Days” First priority was the farmers and urban workers FDR reinvigorated the AAA which provided aid for migrants, sharecroppers, and poor farmers FDR authorized more than $1 billion to help tenant farmers become landowners

Arkansas Tenant Farmers,1936

WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION Helping urban workers was critical to the success of the Second Hundred Days The WPA set out to create as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible Between , the WPA spent $11 billion to give jobs to 8 million workers

WPA BUILDS AMERICA WPA workers built 850 airports, 651,000 miles of roads and streets, and 125,000 public buildings The WPA also hired artists, writers and photographers to create art The Davis Street School Extension in Atlanta under construction as part of the Works Progress Administration Program, November 2, 1936

NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION The National Youth Administration (NYA) was created to provide education, jobs and recreation for young people Getting young people off the streets and into schools and jobs was a high priority for the NYA

IMPROVING LABOR RELATIONS – THE WAGNER ACT In the Second New Deal FDR helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), The NLRA was also called the Wagner Act This legislation protected the right of workers 1. to join unions and 2.ensured collective bargaining.

THE WAGNER ACT….MORE 3. Prohibited unfair practices such as threatening workers Firing union activists Interfering with union organizing 4.Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to deal with unfair practices. Still Working.

CONGRESS PROTECTS WORKERS In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act which set maximum hours at 44 per week and minimum wage at 25 cents per hour Set rules for child labor!

Social Insurance/Security Type of Security FranceGermanyGreat Britain ItalyUnited States Accident By various state laws Sickness By various laws in some states Old Age Unemploy- ment Socialized Medicine (Universal Health Care) Medicaid for the poorest citizens in the 1960s; under Pres. Obama, conservative reforms set for all in 2014

SOCIAL SECURITY ACT One of the most important achievements of the New Deal era was the creation of the Social Security System The Social Security Act, passed in 1935, had 3 parts: Old-Age Pension, 65 and older Unemployment compensation system Aid to families with dependent children & disabled (welfare)

REGULATING UTILITIES (REA) Rural Electrification Act – provided electricity to isolated rural areas. The Public Utility Holding Company Act – outlawed the ownership of utilities by multiple holding companies

NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped women gain higher political positions during the New Deal Eleanor was influential in her role as advisor to the president Frances Perkins became America’s first female cabinet member (Labor) Eleanor & Franklin

AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE NEW DEAL The 1930s witnessed a growth of activism for black Americans A. Philip Randolph became head of the nation’s first all-black union – the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

AFRICAN AMERICANS GAIN POLITICAL POSITIONS FDR appointed over 100 African Americans to positions within the government Mary McLeod Bethune headed the division of Negro Affairs of the NYA Despite these gains, FDR was never fully committed to Civil Rights Bethune

NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE GAINS Native Americans made advances during the 1920s & 1930s Full citizenship granted in 1924 The Reorganization Act of 1934 gave Natives more ownership of reservations Policy was moving away from assimilation towards autonomy

Current locations of Native American reservations

Create a Chart Use information from Chapter 15, section 2 Write your name on your paper Create a chart showing how groups such as farmers, the unemployed, youth and retirees were helped by the Second New Deal Which group do you think benefited the most from the Second New Deal? Why?

This week’s theme The more you take responsibility for your past and present, the more you are able to create the future you seek.

This week’s theme It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well.

This week’s theme Be more concerned with your character than your reputation, because your character is who you are while your reputation is merely what others think you are.