Reproduction and Development What is reproduction?

Anticipatory Set Please meet: Please meet: Petero (from Uganda) Petero (from Uganda) And And Kenadie!!! Kenadie!!! What do they have in common?? What do they have in common??

Crouzon Syndrome genetic disorder, skull bones fuse, 1-25,000 are affected *

Meet Kenadie! Kenadie 3yrs.old Kenadie 3yrs.old Tyran 18mths. Tyran 18mths. Primodial Primodial dwarfism dwarfism

Chapter Vocabulary Chromatin Chromatin Chromatid Chromatid Chromosome Chromosome Sister chromatids Sister chromatids Homologous pair Homologous pair Diploid Diploid Haploid Haploid Autosome Autosome Sex chromosome Sex chromosome Gene Gene Karyotype Karyotype Gamete Gamete Zygote Zygote mutation mutation

Reproduction To make more of its own kind: To make more of its own kind: A) asexual – 1 parent, identical offspring A) asexual – 1 parent, identical offspring B) sexual – 2 parents, NOT identical offspring B) sexual – 2 parents, NOT identical offspring

What is a chromosome ? Contains genetic information Contains genetic information Made of genes which are made of DNA Made of genes which are made of DNA Chr.  genes  DNA Chr.  genes  DNA Let’s look at the structure: chromatid, centromere, double stranded chromosome Let’s look at the structure: chromatid, centromere, double stranded chromosome

CHROMATIN thin uncoilded strands of DNA

CHROMATID each side of chromosome

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME the same shape and size carry genes for same traits

Karyotype What gender is this individual?

What can you tell me about this karyotype?

Mouse KaryotypeMouse Karyotype

Diagnosis the individual…

DIPLOID cells with TWO sets of chromosomes (2n)

Haploid only ONE set of chromosomes (n)

Cell CycleCell Cycle

Cell Cycle !

What is Mitosis ? Cell division by nuclear duplication (exact copy) and cytoplasmic division Cell division by nuclear duplication (exact copy) and cytoplasmic division Occurs through phases…. Occurs through phases….

How to Remember the phases! I______________ I______________ P______________ P______________ M_____________ M_____________ A______________ A______________ T______________ T______________

What are the phases (stages) of mitosis? Interphase: (not considered the first phase) Interphase: (not considered the first phase) G1, S, G2 G1, S, G2 Resting stage Resting stage Chromosomes duplicate Chromosomes duplicate Growth Growth Longest phase Longest phase

Prophase Nuclear membrane begins to disappear Nuclear membrane begins to disappear Nucleolus disappears Nucleolus disappears Spindle fibers begin to Spindle fibers begin to form form Chromosome visible Chromosome visible Under microscope! Under microscope! Centrioles appear begin Centrioles appear begin migrating to opposite pole -Asters radiate from centrioles & attach to chromosomes

Metaphase Chromosomes line up in middle Chromosomes line up in middle Spindle fibers attach Spindle fibers attach Centrioles on opposite ends (centrioles not present in plant Centrioles on opposite ends (centrioles not present in plantCell!

Anaphase Chromosomes separate Chromosomes separate Centromere duplicate Centromere duplicate Spindle fibers shorten Spindle fibers shorten

Telophase Membrane begins to pinch in Membrane begins to pinch in Cytoplasm divides Cytoplasm divides Daughter cells form (identical) Daughter cells form (identical) Reappearance of nuclear membrane, centrosome, etc. Reappearance of nuclear membrane, centrosome, etc.

Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides forming the cleavage furrow. Cytoplasm divides forming the cleavage furrow. Plant cell forms cell plate only! Plant cell forms cell plate only!

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mitosis *

Under the microscope !

Plant cell mitosisPlant cell mitosis Identify the parts… Identify the parts…

Difference in PlantsDifference in Plants NO CENTRIOLES NO CENTRIOLES FORMS CELL PLATE!! FORMS CELL PLATE!!

Meiosis What is meiosis? What is meiosis? Why do we need to learn about it?? Why do we need to learn about it??

Meisosis !

Mitosis and MeiosisMitosis and Meiosis

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis

What are the different forms of asexual reproduction ? 1. binary fission 1. binary fission 2. budding 2. budding 3. spore formation 3. spore formation 4. regeneration 4. regeneration 5. vegetative propagation 5. vegetative propagation

Binary FissionBinary Fission Equal division Equal division A) paramecium A) paramecium B) ameba B) ameba

Budding Unequal cytoplasmic division Unequal cytoplasmic division A) yeast A) yeast B) hydra B) hydra Produces many buds Produces many buds Also reproduces sexually Also reproduces sexually

Budding Budding

Sporulation Spore formation Spore formation A) bread mold A) bread mold Spores: released by parent, good condition the develop, protective wall to prevent drying of protoplasm Spores: released by parent, good condition the develop, protective wall to prevent drying of protoplasm Hypha, mycelium (spores), rhizoids Hypha, mycelium (spores), rhizoids

Bread Mold

Bread MoldBread Mold YUM!! YUM!!

Regeneration Growing back of missing parts Growing back of missing parts A) starfish A) starfish B) planaria (flatworm B) planaria (flatworm (we can’t regenerate due to “differentiated cells”) ex: we can’t grow a finger back!

Starfish RegenerationStarfish Regeneration OUCH! OUCH!

Vegetative PropagationVegetative Propagation Type of regeneration in plants from roots, stems or leaves Type of regeneration in plants from roots, stems or leaves A) Natural Vegetative Propagation A) Natural Vegetative Propagation 1. bulbs – onions, raddish (roots) 1. bulbs – onions, raddish (roots) 2. tubers – potatoes (stems) 2. tubers – potatoes (stems) 3. runners – strawberries, ivy 3. runners – strawberries, ivy

Natural Vegetative Propagation *

Artificial Vegetative Propagation 1. cuttings 1. cuttings 2. grafting 2. grafting