Ch. 16: The Scientific Revolution 16th-17th century Society and Culture Mannerism and Baroque Art, Music, Literature

Origins of the Scientific Revolution Medieval view: Religious Divine right of kings Society governed by Church practices and superstition World views influenced by Aristotle Geocentric theory

Causes: Medieval universities Renaissance and Humanist movement Age of exploration created need for scientific advances Scientific method Scientific Method becomes major cause of new world view of 17th-18th centuries secularism

Astronomy: 16th century Copernicus (1473-1543) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) Heliocentric view: Condemned by Luther, Calvin, and the Catholic Church In 1616 Church declared his theory heretical Built the best observatory in Europe and collected massive data on his observations of the cosmos Data later proved Copernicus’ theory

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) First great Protestant scientist, worked as assistant to Brahe Mathematically proved Copernican theory Developed three laws of planetary motion: Orbits are elliptical Planets do not move at uniform speed Time it takes to orbit directly based on its distance from the sun http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/basics/g37/ Ptolemaic View Copernican view

Astronomy: 17th century Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo shows the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope (fresco) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Developed the laws of motion Used controlled experiments Acceleration experiment: Law of inertia: Validated Copernicus’ heliocentric view with a telescope First to use one as scientific instrument Discovered the 4 moons of Jupiter Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, 1857 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 Condemned by Church and forced to recant in 1633

Principia (1687) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Incorporated astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with physics of Galileo to overarching theory explaining order and design to the universe Principle of universal gravitation Natural laws of motion are evident in the movement of heavenly bodies and earthly objects Mathematics to explain motion (invented calculus) Every body in the universe attracts every other body in a precise mathematical relationship Natural laws are unchangeable and predictable, thus God is not needed to explain forces of nature Foundation of deism

The Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Formalized empiricism Inductive method for scientific experimentation Deductive reasoning “I think; therefore, I am.”

Anatomy, physiology, and biology Scientists began challenging traditional Greco-Roman medical theories of health and disease Galen: believed proper balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) were basis for human health Blood-letting common to balance humors

Anatomy, physiology, and biology Paracelsus (1493-1541) Vesalius (1516-1564) Believed medical issues were chemical imbalances rather than humoral imbalances The Structure of the Human Body (1543) renewed and modernized study of human anatomy

Royal scientific societies Governments/monarchs encouraged scientific inquiry as a means to further the prestige of the state and remain at the cutting edge of technology Scientific societies created a means by which scientists could communicate internationally The Royal Society in England was the most prestigious (1660) Others in Naples, France (Louis XIV), Prussia (Frederick I), and Russia (Peter the Great)

Impact on Society Led to the Enlightenment Improved exploration Accelerated the agricultural revolution Improved quality of life Discredited superstition and witchcraft as fallacies Science and religion not in direct conflict until 19th-20th centuries Few attempts to secularize science

Witch Hunts 70,000-100,000 people killed between 1400-1700 Causes End of Witch Hunts Popular belief in magic Catholic Church used witch hunts to gain control over village life in rural areas Women seen as “weaker vessels” and prone to temptation (80% of victims) Religious wars and divisions created panic and scapegoat environment The Scientific Revolution discredited superstition and witch hunts Advances in medicine Protestant Reformation emphasized God as only spiritual force in the universe literature

Mannerism El Greco (1541-1614) Characteristics: Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586-88 Reaction against Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity, and realistic use of color Rebellion against “perfection” of High Renaissance Used unnatural color, shapes irregular Bridge between High Renaissance & Baroque

Tintoretto Last Supper, 1594 Arcimboldo "Vertemnus” ca 1590

Mannerist Literature Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) French humanist philosopher; developed modern skepticism Question, don’t accept “what do I know?” (nothing) Spanish writer during Age of Decline Don Quixote (1605) Nobility’s ill attempts at chivalry, similar to fall of Spain

Shakespeare (1564-1616) Greatest writer in English history Theater, comedies, tragedies, histories Average people could understand Wrote in vernacular

Baroque Art Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church Spread to Protestant countries

Baroque Art, 17th Century Italian Baroque artists embraced a more dynamic and complex aesthetic. …dramatic theatricality, grandiose scale, and elaborate ornateness…characterized… the art and architecture. Baroque art production further suggests the role art played in supporting the aims of the [Catholic] Church. Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1614-20, Uffizi, Florence, Italy. -Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, 11th Ed. Bernini, David, 1623, Galleria Borghese, Rome. Bernini, baldacchino, 1623-24, St. Peter’s, Vatican City. Bernini, Trevi Fountain, 1629-1762, Rome.

Baroque Sculpture and Architecture Italy: Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Piazza Navona: Fountain of the Four Rivers A Counter Reformation Catholic Inspired by Caravaggio Sculptor Greatest imprint on city of Rome than any other artist

Bernini Saint Peter’s Square Baldacchino

Bernini Trevi Fountain David

Saint Teresa in Ecstasy, 1647-52

Italian Baroque Painting Caravaggio (1571-1610) Baroque art reaches out to people and provokes action; designed to give spontaneous personal experience. Baroque paintings are filled with dramatic movement, striking contrasts of light and dark, vivid colors, and earthly realism. Baroque artists depicted the heroic acts of martyrs and saints to inspire the lower classes to accept their own suffering and not lose faith. First important painter of Baroque period Highly emotional scenes Use of tenebrism Considered a realist in an age of idealists Criticized for use of ordinary, gritty people as models even for religious paintings

Caravaggio Bacchus David with the Head of Goliath

Caravaggio Basket of Fruit Crucifixion of Saint Peter

Northern European Baroque Art Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Rubenshuis, Antwerp northern Europe, the Netherlands was divided into two parts: the Northern Netherlands (present day Netherlands) and Southern Netherlands (present day Belgium and part of France), each usually referred to as Holland (North) and Flanders (South). Rubens and his workshop dominated the art of Flanders with the creation of dramatic and powerful religious altarpieces and portraits of the ruling families of Italy and France. Emphasized color and sensuality (nudes as Roman goddesses, nymphs, saints, and angels); melodramatic contrasts; monumental size Mainly Christian subjects http://www.oxfordartonline.com/public/page/themes/baroqueartandarchitecture

Rubens The Fall of Man, 1628-29 The Three Graces, 1635

Rembrandt (1606-1669) Dutch artist during Dutch Golden Age: Dutch Classicism Self Portrait, 1658 Painted in Amsterdam – tolerant city, valued personal privacy, thus unknown if he was Catholic or Protestant Personal tragedies: wife died, 3 of 4 children died, bankrupt Known for self-portraits (more than 90), very prolific Narrow color range: browns, reds, beige. Pinpoint style with light to illuminate a point Painterly style: layers of paint

Rembrandt: The Night Watch 1642

Rembrandt Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 1632 Return of the Prodigal Son, 1669

Baroque Art: Spain Diego Velasquez, 1599-1660 Las Meninas, 1656 Court painter for King Philip IV Favorite Moved into palace Spanish Golden Age Important portrait artist Loose brush technique

Velasquez Philip IV 1632 Los Borrachos 1628

George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) General Background on the Baroque Era: The Baroque Era (c1600-1750) was the last great age of European aristocratic monarchies. During this period, much of the world was colonized on behalf of Europe's crowned heads, and Protestantism successfully rivaled Catholicism. Notable scientists were Newton, Bacon and Kepler. Important writers and artists were Descartes, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, El Greco, Milton, Pope, Racine and Moliere. Characteristics Emphasis on text in the music; the lyrics and libretto were most important Baroque composers developed the modern system of major-minor tonalities. Dissonance was used much more freely than during the Renaissance Like Bach, he wrote in a variety of genres. His masterpiece is the oratorio The Messiah. http://wmich.edu/musicgradexamprep/BaroqueIndex.html George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)

Claudio Monteverdi (1547-1643) J. S. Bach (1685-1750) developed the opera and the modern orchestra L’Orfeo (1607) is his masterpiece Greatest of the Baroque composers wrote dense and polyphonic structures hired by several princes and churches throughout his career to compose religious music

Essay Questions How did the Scientific Revolution impact European society intellectually, politically, religiously, and economically?