Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 7 Water and Atmospheric Moisture

Water and Atmospheric Moisture Water on Earth Unique Properties of Water Humidity Atmospheric Stability Clouds and Fog

Water on Earth Worldwide equilibrium Distribution of Earth’s water today

Land and Water Hemispheres Figure 7.2

Ocean and Freshwater Distribution Figure 7.3

Unique Properties of Water Heat properties Phase change Sublimation Latent heat Vaporization Condensation Heat properties of water in nature Latent heat of sublimation

Three States of Water Figure 7.5

Uniqueness of Ice Forms Figure 7.6

Phase Changes Figure 7.7

Humidity Relative humidity Saturation Dew point Expressions of relative humidity Vapor pressure Specific humidity Instruments

Relative Humidity Figure 7.8

Water Vapor in the Atmosphere Figure 7.10

Water Vapor in the Atmosphere Figure 7.10

Humidity Patterns Figure 7.11

Saturation Vapor Pressure Figure 7.12

Maximum Specific Humidity Figure 7.13

Humidity Instruments Figure 7.14

Atmospheric Stability Adiabatic processes Stable and unstable atmospheric conditions

Buoyancy and Gravity Figure 7.15

Adiabatic Processes Figure 7.17

Adiabatic Cooling Figure 7.17

Adiabatic Heating Figure 7.17

Adiabatic Processes Dry adiabatic rate 10 C°/1000 m 5.5 F°/1000 ft Moist adiabatic rate 6 C°/1000 m 3.3 F°/1000 ft

Atmospheric Temperatures and Stability Figure 7.18

Three Examples of Stability Figure 7.19

Clouds and Fog Cloud Formation Processes Cloud Types and Identification Fog

Cloud Formation Processes Moisture droplet Cloud-condensation nuclei

Moisture Droplets Figure 7.20

Raindrop and Snowflake Formation Figure 7.21

Cloud Types and Identification Figure 7.22

Cirrus Figure 7.22

Cirrostratus Figure 7.22

Altocumulus Figure 7.22

Altostratus Figure 7.22

Nimbostratus Figure 7.22

Stratus Figure 7.22

Cumulus Figure 7.22

Cumulonimbus Figure 7.22

Cumulonimbus Development Figure 7.23

Fog Advection fog Evaporation fog Upslope fog Valley fog Radiation fog

Advection Fog Figure 7.24

Evaporation Fog Figure 7.25

Valley Fog Figure 7.25 Figure 7.26

Evaporation and Radiation Fog Figure 7.28

Radiation Fog Figure 7.27

Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Geosystems 7e An Introduction to Physical Geography End of Chapter 7