The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Roman Geography Rome was centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern powers Located on the Italian Peninsula Created a crossroads for trade along the Mediterranean Sea—known as sea- borne commerce Rome was protected by: 1) The Alps 2) Seas (Mediterranean and Adriatic) Due to Rome's central location, they were able to influence those around the Mediterranean Basin How geography influenced the development of Roman culture and civilization

Italian Peninsula Mediterranean Sea GreeceBlack Sea Rome Mediterranean Basin Adriatic Sea The Alps Map of Rome

Roman Gods/Goddesses Married Jupiter:Juno: Venus Diana Neptune ApolloMinerva Mars - Jupiter (Greek: Zeus) - King of the gods - Juno (Greek: Hera) - Queen of the gods - Neptune (Greek: Poseidon) - God of the seas - Apollo (Greek: Apollo) - God of the sun and music - Mars (Greek: Ares) - God of war - Venus (Greek: Aphrodite) - Goddess of love - Minerva (Greek: Athena) - Goddess of wisdom - Diana (Greek: Artemis) - Goddess of hunt and childbirth

The FRAME Key Topic is about... So What? Details Main Idea The Roman Republic had 3 social classes: Patricians— nobility/rich (few in number) Plebeians—majority of the population (landowners, merchants, farmers) Slaves—those that were conquered (not based on race) Details Main Idea Citizenship was held by all patricians and plebeians and extended to a few foreigners Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non- Romans All c itizens could vote but had the responsibility to pay taxes and serve in the military Details Main Idea At the top of the government (two people elected by the assembly each year) Served on year terms Could veto any decisions made by the assembly Ran the government Details Main Idea Two bodies made up the representative branch of the govt. 1) Senate made up of patricians controlled finances and foreign affairs 2) Assembly made laws for Rome Both branches were elected by the people Twelve Tables were the first written set of Roman Laws Roman Republic Social structure and democratic features of the republic of Rome Social Structure Citizenship Consuls Roman Republic Rome made great developments in representative democracy, which is the foundation of our government in the U.S.

The FRAME Key Topic is about... So What? Essential Details Causes and Results of the Punic Wars Roman culture spread through the following areas: -Mediterranean Basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean - Western Europe (Gaul and British Isles) Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years The wars were fought over competition for trade Rome and Carthage both wanted to control trade along the Mediterranean Sea Romans destroyed Carthage—their major economic competitor Rome expanded trade and wealth Rome now dominated the Mediterranean What caused the Punic Wars and what were the results Causes of the Punic WarsResults of the Punic Wars After Rome conquered Carthage, they controlled the Mediterranean and were able to spread their culture

Map of Rome and Carthage Spain Gaul Sardinia Corsica SicilyMed. Sea Carthage Rome

The FRAME Key Topic is about... So What? Main Idea Details The Carthaginians had taken control of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Romans marched south to defeat Carthage Romans won and gained the three islands Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula Hannibal got to Rome but never defeated the city Rome counterattacked the city of Carthage Carthage gave up all land except the city of Carthage Rome was angry from the 2 nd Punic War and attacked Carthage Rome completely destroyed the city and annexed (added) it 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Punic Wars The events that took place during the Punic Wars First Punic War Second Punic War Third Punic War Rome’s victory over Carthage allowed them to be the dominating force over the Mediterranean Sea

The FRAME Routine Key Topic is about… So What? (What’s important to understand about this?) Essential details Fall of the Roman Republic Spread of slavery in the agricultural system - Cheap slave labor took jobs away from average citizens Unemployment of small farmers going into cities - Small farms were transformed into slave plantations, putting many out of work Julius Caesar took power - Rome broke out into Civil War Devaluation of Roman currency (inflation) How military conquests alter economic and social life in Rome Economic problems and Civil War led to the fall of the Roman Republic.

Main Idea Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman Army In 60 B.C.E., he joined military leaders Pompey and Crassius to form the First Triumvirate Caesar later seized complete power and crushed Pompey and the Senate - Venni, Veddi, Vicci Caesar made himself dictator for life Details Main Idea Senate was fearful of Caesar so they assassinated him March 15, 44 BCE—“Beware of the Ides of March” Rome broke out in new civil war Marc Anthony (Caesar’s general) and Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) hunted down the murderer’s Details So What? The FRAME Key Topic is about... Imperial Rome Pt.1 How the rise of Julius Caesar led to the fall of the Roman Republic Julius CaesarIdes of March The Roman Republic could not recover from the threat posed by Julius Caesar

The FRAME Key Topic is about... So What? Main Idea Details Soon Anthony and Octavian fought for power Anthony made allies with Egypt 31 BCE, Octavian defeated Marc Anthony and his ally Cleopatra Senate renamed Octavian “Augustus” Rome became an empire and Augustus was the emperor Civil War gave rise Octavian (Augustus) Caesar Now have unified and enlarged empire - That uses imperial power and the military Failure to provide from a peaceful succession of emperors Imperial Rome Pt.2 The events that led up to Imperial Rome Marc Anthony vs. Octavian Augustus CaesarReasons for Imperial Rome Roman Empire took away power from the people but expanded Roman territory and strengthened military power

Contributions of ancient Rome: Roman Culture: - Rome embraced and adopted the culture of the Ancient Greeks - Conquest spread Roman culture and technology throughout Europe Pantheon: - Dome structure built to honor the Roman gods - Has open “eye” in center to let in sunlight (skylight) Coliseum: - Center for entertainment (gladiators, Christian sacrifices, mazes, naval battles) - Stone amphitheater Forum: - Public place for political debate - Contained a number of separate buildings Technology: - Aqueducts:-Roman Arches: Artificial channels for carrying waterUsed to hold large weight with less materials -Roads: “All roads lead to Rome”

Contributions of ancient Rome: Religion: -Based on Greek polytheism - Roman mythology still present today (names of the planets) - Later Christianity emerged within the Roman Empire Literature: - Romans stole the Greek style of - epic poems - Virgil wrote the Aeneid—tied to Homer’s Iliad Science and Medicine: - emphasis on public health system (public baths, public water system, medical schools, etc.) - Ptolemy— mathematician/astronomer Proposed theory that the Earth was at the center of the universe Law and Language: - The Twelve Tables (principle of “innocent until proven guilty”) -Latin became the basis of Romantic languages - Today many of our words come from Latin words

The FRAME Key Topic is about... So What? Main Idea Details Pax Romana- Latin for “Roman Peace” - Occurred under Augustus Caesar Lasted for 200 years Expansion and solidification of the Empire Time of wealth and peace Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman Roads _______ Increased emphasis on the family ________ Uniform system of money established ________ Civil Service System created to make improvements to Rome _______ Developed a uniform rule of law (“Twelve Tables”) _________ Promoted prosperity and stability ________ Stability returned to social classes ___________ Traces its roots back to Judaism Led by Jesus of Nazareth Jesus claimed to be the Messiah (or savior) Christianity conflicted with the polytheistic beliefs of the Roman Empire - Led to his crucifixion Pax Romana and Origins of Christianity The impact of the Pax Romana and the origins of Christianity 1)The Pax Romana was a great time of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire 2)Christianity originated out of Judaism E= Economic S= Social P= Political Pax Romana Origins of Christianity

The FRAME Key Topic is about... Main Idea Details Monotheistic—believe in one god Jesus is both the Son and incarnation of god Believe in life after death— judgment day, heaven, or hell Sacred Text= Holy Bible (Old and New Testament) - New Testament contains the life and teachings of Jesus Christian doctrines established by early church councils Message was popular--eternal life, forgiveness, golden rule, etc. Early martyrs inspired others— Apostles such as Paul, carried the religion throughout the Roman Empire Paul built churches from Mesopotamia to Rome Paul spread Christianity to Gentiles (non-Jews) Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal The Edict of Milan was the document that made Christianity legal - Later Christianity became the official state religion The Church became a source of moral authority Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor The Church became the main unifying force in Western Europe Beliefs and Spread of Christianity The beliefs and development of Christianity Spread of Christianity Church of Rome Christian beliefs and customs