Carbon Compounds Section 2.3

The Chemistry of Carbon  Why is carbon so important?  Carbon has the ability to bond with up to 4 other elements (typically hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, and nitrogen).  The elements it bonds with create life!  All living things are made of carbon compounds

Macromolecules

What is a macromolecule?  Most of the compounds that make up living things are LARGE (in the cell perspective)  These macromolecules can be LOOOONNNGGG chains made up of monomers (small units that join together)  There are 4 major groups  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Nucleic Acids  Proteins

Carbohydrates  Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Main source of energy in living things  Happens through the breakdown of sugars  In other organisms (plants) they serve a role in structure  Monomer = monosaccharide (single sugar molecule)  Sugars usually end in “-ose”

Carbohydrate Monomers  We call single sugar molecules monosaccharides  Examples Glucose Galactose – makes up milk Fructose – sugars found in fruits  Two sugar molecules linked together is a disaccharide  Examples Sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose

Carbohydrates  Complex Carbohydrates  Polysaccharide = many sugars  Made up of many monomers linked together  Examples: Glycogen – excess glucose stored in animals Starch – excess glucose stored in plants Cellulose - plant fiber (for strength and rigidity)

Lipids  Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Used for:  Energy storage  Make up the cell membrane  Waterproof coverings (insulation (blubber), waxy coverings)  Steroids (hormones)  Monomer is a glycerol molecule combined with 3 fatty acids

Lipids  Saturated fat – all the fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms  Unsaturated fat – at least one double carbon bonds Tend to be liquids at room temperature Example: cooking oils (corn oil, sesame oil, peanut oil)

Nucleic Acids  Nucleic Acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous  Store and transmit genetic information  DNA and RNA  Monomer are called a nucleotide  A nucleotide is made up of: 5 carbon sugar Deoxyribose (DNA) Ribose (RNA) Phosphate group Nitrogen base

Nucleic Acids  1 nucleotide = sugar – nitrogen base | phosphate  Two of these = molecules of DNA or RNA

Proteins  Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen  Control the rate of chemical reactions in the body (enzymes), regulate cellular processes, cell structure, transport substances into/out of the cell, and help fight diseases.  Everything is your body is made of or IS a protein!

Proteins  Monomers = amino acids  There are 20 amino acids in the body that help to make up millions of proteins.  Amino acids bond together with peptide bonds to make long chains. These long chains then get twisted and folded into a final protein.

Word endings SSugars usually end in ______ EEx.: glucose, fructose, lactose… PProteins usually end in _____ EEx.: insulin, keratin, melanin, hemoglobin… EEnzymes usually end in ______ EEx: peroxidase, protease, polymerase… “-ose” “-in” “-ase”

Proteins  Everything in your body is a protein or was made by a protein  Used for structure (bone, muscle)  Proteins usually end in “-in”  Control chemical reactions  ENZYMES!  Some transport substances or help to fight disease  Elements: C,H,O,N  Monomer = amino acid

Proteins  20 amino acids exist in all living things  The number and order make a huge variety of proteins (like the letters of the alphabet)  Some proteins are enzymes  Enzymes make life possible by making reactions happen fast  Enzymes usually end in “-ase”