Lab safety video

Lab Safety: A list of lab safety rules are found: Attached to your syllabus (to be signed by you and a parent/guardian) In your textbook (1 st page on inside cover & appendix B pgs ) In green note packet (page 4)

Fire Exit Classroom door (109) Classroom door (108)Science prep. NO ENTRY

Observations Observations: eventsDescription of objects, events May include data from all five senses (touch/texture, smell, taste, sight, sound) Could be drawings, diagrams, written words opinionsDo not include opinions.

Inferences conclusionsDrawing conclusions based on observations reasonOften provide a reason for the event/object being observed. An inference is when you make an assumption or prediction about something that you observe

Let’s practice making inferences! The next three slides show some fossil imprints that were found during a archeological dig. We’re going to record some observations and then make some inferences about what may have happened millions of years ago….

What do you think happened?

In layman’s terms, if something is said to be “just a theory,” it usually means that it is a mere guess, or is unproved. It might even lack credibility. But in scientific terms, a theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true.

Explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses. multipleVerified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory, he/she can only create a hypothesis. The theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the theory of plate tectonicsExamples: The theory of evolution, the theory of relativity, and the theory of plate tectonics.

explainA statement of fact meant to explain, in concise terms, an action or set of actions. alwaysGenerally accepted to be true and universal, and can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. Scientific laws are similar to mathematical postulates. They don’t really need any complex external proofs; they are accepted at face value based upon the fact that they have always been observed to be true. ExamplesThe law of gravity,Examples: The law of gravity, the law of thermodynamicsthe law of thermodynamics.

trueBoth a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. predictionsBoth are used to make predictions of events. technologyBoth are used to advance technology.

A theory is much more complex and dynamic. actionA law governs a single action, whereas a theory explains a whole series of related phenomena.

slingshotautomobileAn analogy can be made using a slingshot and an automobile. A scientific law is like a slingshot. A slingshot has but one moving part-- the rubber band. If you put a rock in it and draw it back, the rock will fly out at a predictable speed, depending upon the distance the band is drawn back.

An automobile has many moving parts, all working in unison to perform the chore of transporting someone from one point to another point. An automobile is a complex piece of machinery. Sometimes, improvements are made to one or more component parts. A new set of spark plugs that are composed of a better alloy that can withstand heat better, for example, might replace the existing set. But the function of the automobile as a whole remains unchanged.

A theory is like the automobile. Components of it can be changed or improved upon, without changing the overall truth of the theory as a whole.

Only one variable is being tested a one time

Variables are parts of an experiment

Experiment: The affect of temperature on goldfish respiration. What are all the variables?

There are two groups in a controlled experiment: Experimental Group: 1) Experimental Group: the part of the experiment in which a factor or variable is changed.

Control Group 2) Control Group: the part of the experiment that is left alone or “natural”. Used to compare back to.

Controlled variables (constants): NOT factors in an experiment that are NOT changed.

Manipulated (independent) variable: changed factors in an experiment that are changed. Always the “if” part of the “if-then” hypothesis

Responding Responding (dependent) variable: measuring the factor that you are measuring. Always the “then” part of the “if-then” hypothesis

Scientific Method Scientific method is the series of steps scientists (or anyone) follow to solve a problem.

Scientific Method Step 1 & 2: Recognizing and researching the problem. By making observations, we may see a problem that we do not know how to solve

Scientific Method Step 3: Forming a hypothesis A Hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. Usually an "if - then" statement.

Step 4: Testing a hypothesis An Experiment is a series of steps used under controlled conditions. All experiments must have a control. A Control is a standard for comparing results which remains unchanged during the experiment.

Scientific Method The part of the experiment that causes a change is called a Variable. You usually change only one variable at a time. These include amounts, temperature, light, etc. It is very important to collect data during the experiment. Step 5: Collect data. Data are recorded facts or measurements from the experiment.

Scientific Method Step 6 & 7 :Analyze your data and drawing conclusions. see if it proves your hypothesis correct or not. If not, then you may try the experiment over or change your hypothesis.

Step 8 : Report your findings

Graphing

Just a little way to help students remember life processes: RRR Gents Respiration Regulation Reproduction Growth Excretion Nutrition Transport Synthesis

K H D U d c m

Compound Microscope:

Stereo microscope

Bee under stereo microscope

Electron microscope

Bugs compound eye under a scanning electron microscope

Eyepiece powerObjective powerTotal magnification 10X 40X200X 10X1000X 8X50X