II. Animal Diversity C. Bilateria 2. Deuterostomes – blastopore forms anus c. Chordata: 3. Vertebrata - four traits - vertebral column - trends: - increased locomotion - increased cephalization - adaptations to land

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata a. Origin of Vertebrates - filter feeding ancestor (lancelet-like) mya - Pikaea

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata a. Origin of Vertebrates

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata b. Jawless Fishes – (Class: Agnatha) - Early: Ostracoderms – filter feeding

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata b. Jawless Fishes – (Class: Agnatha) - Current: lampreys, hagfishes: parasitic

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws - new niche for verts (predator - not just detritivore like the ostracoderms...)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws - new niche for verts - priority on locomotion (to catch prey)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws - new niche for verts - priority on locomotion - Cephalization (to catch prey)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) dominant predators paired appendages for swimming

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) also efficient paired fins - sharks - skates, rays - ratfish - must swim or sink; spend lots of energy

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton - air sac for respiration

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton - air sac for respiration - in Ray-finned: swim bladder (light, buoyant, fast) save energy by floating

- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton - air sac for respiration - in Ray-finned: swim bladder (light, buoyant, fast) - in Lobe-finned and lungfish: evolved jointed fins… could support weight on land, and breath with air sac. (Devonian – 400my)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Evolved in Devonian (375 mya) - Lungfish - fed on abundant terrestrial Arthropods

An extraordinary sequence of intermediates documenting the colonization of land. The "red gap" was filled in mya 365 mya

Eusthenopteron

Panderichthys rhombolepis

Tiktaalik roseae

Acanthostega gunnari

Ichthyostega sp. (remember ?)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders - small lungs, respiratory skin must stay moist

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders - small lungs, respiratory skin must stay moist - eggs must stay moist

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles – evolved in Carboniferous (325 mya)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell; protects embryo from desiccation (like a seed...) embryo

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell - kidney to produce concentrated urine...(reduces water loss. reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous waste as a paste (the white stuff in a bird's droppings) that requires little water.)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell - kidney to produce concentrated urine - scales to reduce water loss from skin (correlating with a larger lung compared to amphibians)

From 250 to 200 mya, the formation of the supercontinent of Pangaea created warm dry climates that gave ‘reptiles’ the edge. Remember? This gave gymnosperms the edge, too...

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: ‘Reptile to Mammal’ transitions - deep history: Pelycosaurs

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: ‘Reptile to Mammal’ transitions - deep history: Pelycosaurs Therapsids

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: - traits: - hair (endothermy)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: - traits: - hair (endothermy) - nurse young

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Development: - Lay eggs (Monotremes)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Development: - Lay eggs (Monotremes) - birth (Marsupials)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Development: - Lay eggs (Monotremes) - birth (Marsupials) - birth of independent offspring (Placentals)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Radiation:

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds: - Reptilian Roots feathered dinosaurs and endothermy

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds: - Reptilian Roots feathered dinosaurs and endothermy - flight

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds: - one way lung

even on an exhalation, new air is pulled through the lungs... so birds even absorb oxygen on an exhalation. One way transport is more efficient (like a gut)...

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns:

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: 1. Fish

A. Patterns: 2. Tetrapods

A. Patterns: 3. Summary - innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized (a new place, like an island, or a new habitat (like land or the air).

A. Patterns: 3. Summary - innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized - radiation – explosion of species colonizing new areas and exploiting new environments in this new way

A. Patterns: 3. Summary - innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized - radiation – explosion of species colonizing new areas and exploiting new environments in this new way - competitive contraction? – winners exclude others…

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…)

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums, too…

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums, too… 3. Be released from competition by mass extinction of competitors…