PANAMA CANAL THIRD SET OF LOCKS PROJECT Structural Design Pablo Arecco Civil Engineer Buenos Aires, Argentina PIANC Setting the course

Panama Canal Location

April 2006 – High season 111 Vessels waiting Waiting time: 10 days June 2004 119 Vessels waiting Waiting time: 7 days Cause: Maintenance activities NEW LOCKS 12,600 TEU’s EXISTING LOCKS 4,400 TEU’s

Third Set of Locks render - Pacific Locks Complex

Atlantic Locks complex Upper Chamber Middle Chamber Lower Chamber The most important thing is to identify the different elements to design. There are three lock chambers in the Atlantic and the Pacific side, the Upper, Middle and Lower Chamber as we can see in the picture and four lock heads, numbered from upstream to downstream. For example the Lock Head 1 is the one between the Gatun Lake and the Upper Chamber, consequently the Lock Head 4 is located between the Lower Chamber and the ocean. As we mentioned this denomination is used in both complex, here we can see a render from the Atlantic Locks Complex which its structural design is being developed in MWH Argentina (CICP Buenos Aires Design Center). The structural design for each chamber includes the analysis of the lock walls, the Floor Slab (only in the Atlantic), the Chamber Conduits under the floor slab and the Lock Heads. Lock Head 4 Three Lock Chambers and four Lock Heads in each site (Atlantic and Pacific)

TENDER DESIGN ANALYSIS Stability analysis Rock Backfill Concrete 2D simplified Finite Element Model

Issues to solve for Finite Element (FE) modeling Lock Head 3D FE model LOCK CHAMBER CONCRETE STRUCTURE Lock Wall 3D FE model Lock Wall 2D FE model Static and dynamic non-linear analysis Appropriate boundary conditions Soil-Structure interaction Complex loading conditions Several loads combinations Lock Heads: 1 three dimensional model for each one. Lock Walls for each chamber: 3 two dimensional models. At least 3 three dimensional models. Chamber Conduits and floor Slab: 1 two dimensional model for each one. Issues to solve for Finite Element (FE) modeling

FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING HOW TO DEVELOP THE FINAL DESIGN FEM? Lock Wall Typical Monolith FINAL DESIGN FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING Final concrete volumes: Lock walls ≈ 2.100.000 m3 Lock heads ≈ 1.200.000 m3 up to 350 HOW TO DEVELOP THE FINAL DESIGN FEM? GEOMETRY Evaluation and Idealization Mesh definition Material properties and material models to be applied Interactions should be defined STATIC LOADS Dead Loads Water pressures Water in chamber and conduits Groundwater and uplift Backfill pressures Live and crane loads Bollards loads and vessel impact SEISMIC ANALYSIS Time history analysis Two seismic levels Seven seismic motion for each level Deconvolution of earthquake records Abosorbing Boundary Conditions (ABC)

Typical monolith 2D model FINAL DESIGN LOCK WALL FEM Typical monolith 2D model Lock wall 3D model

FINAL DESIGN LOCK HEAD FEM Rock Foundation (Gatún Rock) Rolling gates (Steel) Backfill (Gatún Rockfill) Lock Walls (Concrete) Lock Walls (Concrete) Lock Head Large Recess Small Recess Slab

FINAL DESIGN LOCK HEAD FEM Model implementation Interactions Model implementation Loads assignment

FINAL DESIGN LOCK HEAD FEM Model implementation Loads assignment

FINAL DESGIN FEM RESULTS Seismic behavior evaluation. Foundation bearing verification. Wall displacements time-history. Critical stress time-history. Units: MPa

CONCRETE DESIGN CRITICAL SECTIONS USACE EM 1110-2-2104 ACI 318 All structural components will be designed for the internal forces (axial, bending and shear) obtained from the FEM Analysis by integrating the stresses. FEM Stresses Critical Sections Internal Forces

CONCRETE STRENGTH DESIGN Static Load Condition Flexure-Axial design Design forces by averaging the seven peak forces Level I Earthquake Flexure-Axial design

CONCRETE DEMAND CAPACITY RATIOS DCR limit = 1.0 3 excursions allowed Elastic domain Level I 475 years DCR limit =1.5 Limited non linear behavior Level II 950 years

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Chamber Floor Slab

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Chamber Floor Slab

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Crossunder slab and walls

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Chamber Conduit

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Lock Wall Monoliths – First Lift

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Lock Wall Monolith toe

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