Chapter 10, Lesson 1 The Early Middle Ages It Matters Because: Medieval European governments, religions, languages, and culture still influence the modern world.

I. The Fall of Rome A.Rome’s fall in 476 brought end of Western Roman Empire Middle Ages Medieval Period 1.Led to 1,000-year period known as Middle Ages, or Medieval Period 2.Church became powerful, common people lived in fear of death & hell 3.Former Empire in Western Europe soon divided into kingdom 4.Geography played huge role as rivers, mountains, coasts steered settlement & trade

II. Geography of Europe peninsula A. Europe is large peninsula with wide rivers 1. Most people within miles of the coast 2. Encouraged trade between Europe & other parts of the world B. Rivers & mountain ranges allowed many cultures to develop isolated from one another 1. Rivers & mountains made it difficult for one ruler or group to seize total control of continent C. Islands of Britain & Ireland isolated from rest of continent by English Channel & North Sea

III. Kingdoms in Western Europe A. Rome’s fall, 476, led to many kingdoms forming in Western Europe in short time 1. Germanic groups quickly seized former Roman territories 2. Former citizens of the Empire turned to Church for guidance and identity Angles & Saxons B. Angles & Saxons settled in Britain 1. Pushed Celts to Scotland, Ireland, Wales

IV. The Franks A. Settled present-day France & W. Germany Clovis 1. Clovis becomes King, accepts Christianity 2. Soon, nearly all Franks are Catholic Charles Martel B. In 714, Charles Martel rose to power with support of Pope Battle of Tours 1. In 732, Martel defeated Spanish Muslims (Moors) at Battle of Tours 2. Stopped spread of Islam into Europe 3. Ensured Christianity would be Europe’s dominant religion

V. Charlemagne A. Martel’s grandson Charles becomes King of the Franks, Conquered France, Germany, northern Spain, & Italy Charles the Great, or Charlemagne 2. Became known as Charles the Great, or Charlemagne Charlemagne B. In 800, Charlemagne defended Pope against Roman nobles 1. Pope names Charlemagne Roman Emperor 2. Nobles raised armies for Charlemagne feudalism 3. Earliest form of European feudalism C. Charlemagne learned to read & write late in his own life

VI. Invaders A. When Charlemagne died in 814, his empire fell apart B. Invaders from all directions attacked Europe C. Vikings from Scandinavia launched raids into much of Europe 1. Expert sailors & fierce warriors 2. Attacked coastal Europe, 700s & 800s 3. Stole food, animals, treasure 4. Burned what they could not steal D. Growth of feudalism largely due to Viking raids BrainPop

VII. The Holy Roman Empire Otto of Saxony A. In 936, German nobles elected Otto of Saxony King of Germany B. Freed Pope from control of Roman nobles , Pope crowned Otto the first Holy Roman Emperor C. Later Holy Roman Emperors conflicted with Pope over control 1. Prevented both Germany and Italy from uniting until 1800s

VIII. The Church’s Influence A. When Roman Empire fell, citizens of former Empire turned to Church for identity & guidance Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) B. Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) sent missionaries throughout Europe 1. By 1050, most of Europe was Catholic Monks C. Monks lived in monasteries 1. Provided schools & hospitals 2. Copied Christian writings, preserved classical Greek & Roman knowledge

IX. Church Authority A. Church increased in power 1. Kings believed church should follow royal authority 2. Popes believed Kings should submit to the Church B. Pope declared only Pope could appoint church officials Henry IV 1. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV disagreed excommunicated 2. Pope declared Henry was no long emperor, excommunicated him from the Church 3. Henry begged Pope for forgiveness, Pope agreed 4. But Germans had already chosen new emperor 5. Henry took Rome, named a new Pope

C. 1122, Holy Roman Emperor & Pope agreed: 1. only Pope could name church officials 2. only king could name government officials IX. Church Authority