South Africa

British colony – South Africa granted self-rule 1994 Minority of whites governed the nation 16% white 70% black (the rest are a mix of various populations)

Apartheid Legal system that created a rigid separation of races.

Origins of Apartheid 1948 Nationalist Party Afrikaners/Boers White farmers - conservative Descendants of Dutch settlers who held strong views on white superiority. Nationalists strengthened segregation.

Apartheid Classification System: White Free Could vote Black Coloured (people of mixed race) Asian Any NON-white could not vote and had restrictions on where one could travel and live.

Apartheid 4/5 of South Africa belonged to the white minority. This included rich farmlands, areas with mineral wealth, and other land containing value. Townships: Many non-white groups were restricted to live in areas where the land was not as valuable. These areas became known as townships.

Homelands - Bantustans South African blacks were stripped of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of ten tribally based and nominally self-governing Bantustans (tribal homelands) The homelands occupied relatively small and economically unproductive areas of the country. Example: Zulus; Xhosas Located to dry infertile areas

Apartheid – Justification Allowed each group to develop its own culture.

Strict Laws Pass Laws All black South Africans living in a town or city must carry a passbook. Passbook: Record of – Where one could travel or work Tax payments Record of criminal convictions * Had to be carried AT ALL TIMES and produced ON DEMAND.

Apartheid Enforcing a system of inequality: Blacks could not: Ride on a “white” bus Swim on a “white” beach Eat at “white” restaurants Black schools received less funding Created a lower literacy rate amongst blacks

Sharpeville Massacre South African police open fire killing more than 60 people.

African National Congress ANC Opposition group to apartheid government. Nelson Mandela Sentenced to life in prison in 1964 Later would be freed and become the first black – African president of South Africa.

Afrikaans Language of white South Africans who are descended from Dutch settlers. Black school students protested the teaching of Afrikaans in schools. Police respond with violence Protests spread

Reformers Nelson Mandela – ANC Leader of the ANC; influencial anti-apartheid activist. Later, first fully African-elected President of South Africa Archbishop Desmond Tutu Anglican Archbishop Won Nobel Peace Prize for being an outspoken anti-apartheid activist. Steve Biko Student leader, anti-apartheid activist. Died from massive head injuries inflicted by South African police* *though police claimed he died as a result of a prolonged hunger strike.

International Pressure South Africa: United Nations places an arms embargo Olympic Committee banned South Africans from competition Faced economic sanctions (cut-off trade) United States was one.

Sanctions in Action Economic sanctions: Slowed South African economy This motivated white – South African business owners to move toward change.

The Beginning of the End of Apartheid 1980’s Pass Laws Repealed Un-segregated some facilities F.W. de Klerk – South Africa’s President Lifted the ban on the ANC Freed Nelson Mandela from prison Began to hold talks with black leaders

A New Constitution Blacks given basic rights. Vote Run for political office Dissolve travel and living restrictions.

Nelson Mandela First fully-elected African President of South Africa Member of ANC Faces opposition from the Ikantha Freedom Party Small group of white’s opposed to reforms.

Review What were the Pass Laws? Define “apartheid” What were blacks given under the new South African Constitution? Who was Nelson Mandela? Name 3 Anti-Apartheid activists. Who was F.W. de Klerk? Explain how international pressure led to changes in South Africa.