Slide 1 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Finishing Ions 10/15/2015 Page

Slide 2 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Cations The sodium atoms in a sodium-vapor lamp ionize to form sodium cations. 7.1

Slide 3 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Objectives 7.1.1Determine the number of valence electrons in an atom of a representative element. We’ve done that! 7.1.2Explain how the octet rule applies to atoms of metallic and nonmetallic elements. We’ve done that! 7.1.3Describe how cations form. We’ve done that! 7.1.4Explain how anions form. Let’s do that NOW!

Slide 4 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Georgia Performance Standards SC1 Students will analyze the nature of matter and its classifications. c. Predict formulas for stable ionic compounds (binary and tertiary) based on balance of charges. d. Use IUPAC* nomenclature for both chemical names and formulas: Ionic compounds (Binary and tertiary) SC3 Students will use the modern atomic theory to explain the characteristics of atoms. b. Use the orbital configuration of neutral atoms to explain its effect on the atom’s chemical properties. *International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Slide 5 of 39 valence electrons, electron dot structures, octet rule, halide ions Vocabulary

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Slide 6 of 39 Valance Electrons are electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element’s atoms. Vocabulary

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Slide 7 of 39 electron dot structures a diagram that shows valence electrons as dots. Also called Lewis Structures. We teach this in Physical Science. Vocabulary

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Slide 8 of 39 Octet Rule In forming compounds, atoms tend to react so as to acquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas; i.e., with eight electrons in the highest occupied energy level. Vocabulary

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Slide 9 of 39 Halide Ions are a negative ion formed when a halogen atom Gains an electron Vocabulary

Slide 10 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Cations A magnesium atom attains the electron configuration of neon by losing both valence electrons. The loss of valence electrons produces a magnesium cation with a charge of

Slide 11 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Cations Walnuts are a good dietary source of magnesium. Magnesium ions (Mg 2+ ) aid in digestive processes. 7.1

Slide 12 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Cations Cations of Group 1A elements always have a charge of 1+. Cations of group 2A elements always have a charge of

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 13 of 39 Ions > Formation of Cations A copper atom can ionize to form a 1+ cation (Cu + ). By losing its lone 4s electron, copper attains a pseudo noble-gas electron configuration. 7.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Slide 14 of 39 Formation of Anions How are anions formed? 7.1

Slide 15 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions The gain of negatively charged electrons by a neutral atom produces an anion. An anion is an atom or a group of atoms with a negative charge. The name of an anion typically ends in -ide. We are beginning to work on a new standard that says we shall learn the names of compounds. 7.1

Slide 16 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions The figure shows the symbols of anions formed by some elements in Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A. Note that 5 electrons plus 3 electrons Equals 8 electrons An Octet 7.1

Slide 17 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions The figure shows the symbols of anions formed by some elements in Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A. Note that 6 electrons plus 2 electrons Equals 8 electrons An Octet 7.1

Slide 18 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions A gain of one electron gives chlorine an octet and converts a chlorine atom into a chloride ion. It has the same electron configuration as the noble gas argon. 7.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 19 of 39 Ions > Formation of Anions Both a chloride ion and the argon atom have an octet of electrons in their highest occupied energy levels. 7.1

Slide 20 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions In this equation, each dot in the electron dot structure represents an electron in the valence shell in the electron configuration diagram. 7.1

Slide 21 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions The negatively charged ions in seawater—the anions—are mostly chloride ions. 7.1

Slide 22 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions The ions that are produced when atoms of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons are called halide ions. All halogen atoms have seven valence electrons. All halogen atoms need to gain only one electron to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. 7.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 23 of 39 Ions > Formation of Anions Oxygen is in Group 6A. 7.1

Slide 24 of 39 © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ions > Formation of Anions 7.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 25 of 39 Conceptual Problem

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 26 of 39 Conceptual Problem

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 27 of 39 Conceptual Problem

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 28 of 39 Practice Problems Practice Problems For Conceptual Problem 7.1 Problem Solving 7.1 Solve Problem 1 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial. for Conceptual Problem 7.1

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 29 of 39 Section Quiz -or- Continue to: Launch: Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section 7.1 Section Quiz. 7.1.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 30 of Section Quiz. 1. How many valence electrons are there in an atom of oxygen? a.2 b.4 c.6 d.8

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 31 of Section Quiz. 2. Atoms that tend to gain a noble gas configuration by losing valence electrons are a.metals. b.nonmetals. c.noble gases. d.representative elements.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 32 of When a magnesium atom forms a cation, it does so by a.losing two electrons. b.gaining two electrons. c.losing one electron. d.gaining one electron. 7.1 Section Quiz.

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 33 of When a bromine atom forms an anion, it does so by a.losing two electrons. b.gaining two electrons. c.losing one electron. d.gaining one electron 7.1 Section Quiz.

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