Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding 7.1 Ions 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds 7.3 Bonding in Metals Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Do Now: *THIS WILL BE COLLECTED* Name 2 alkali metals. Valence Electrons Do Now: *THIS WILL BE COLLECTED* Name 2 alkali metals. Name 2 alkaline earth metals. Name 2 halogens. Name 2 noble gases. Write down 1 thing during your break that you can relate to Chemistry. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Coming Up Today – Sec 7.1 Ions Tuesday – Sec 7.2 Ionic Bonding Wednesday – Sec 7.3 Metals Thursday – Review Friday – Test on Chapters 6 & 7 Next Week – Presentations begin Tuesday 11/17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Demonstrations Ions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xweiQukBM_k Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Ions An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge. Atoms become ions when electrons are lost or gained. Atoms can become cations or anions Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Cation – ion with a positive charge Ions Cation – ion with a positive charge Metals tend to form cations. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Anion – ion with a negative charge Ions Anion – ion with a negative charge Nonmetals tend to form anions. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Valence Electrons Valence electrons - Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an element’s atoms. These are the electrons involved in bonding. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Electron Configurations in Groups Determining Number of Valence Electrons For representative elements, the group number tells you the number of valence electrons. Group 1A elements have 1 valence electron Group 4A elements have 4 valence electrons Exception: Helium has only 2 valence electrons Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

Determining the Number of Valence Electrons for the following atoms Cs F O Xe He Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Determining the Number of Valence Electrons for the following atoms Cs - 1 F - 7 O - 6 Xe – 8 He - 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Valence Electrons Lewis Dot Structures Diagrams that show valence electrons in the atoms of an element as dots. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Interpret Data Electron Dot Structures of Some Group A Elements Period Group 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 1 2 3 4 Notice that all the electrons within a given group (with the exception of helium) have the same number of electron dots in their structures. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Draw electron dot structures for the following atoms Valence Electrons Draw electron dot structures for the following atoms Be Cs F O Xe He Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Valence Electrons The Octet Rule The octet rule states that in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Valence Electrons The Octet Rule The octet rule states that in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. An octet is a set of eight. Atoms of noble gases (except helium) have 8 electrons in their highest occupied energy levels and an electron configuration of ns2np6. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Valence Electrons The Octet Rule Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence electrons, leaving a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level. Atoms of some nonmetals tend to gain electrons or share electrons with another nonmetal atom or atoms to achieve a complete octet. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Atoms have 1 valence electron Lose 1 valence electron to form cation Formation of Cations Group 1A Atoms have 1 valence electron Lose 1 valence electron to form cation Na Na+ –e– Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of Cations Group 1A Cations Both the sodium ion and the neon atom have eight electrons in their valence shells (highest occupied energy levels). Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Group 2A Atoms have 2 valence electrons. Formation of Cations Group 2A Atoms have 2 valence electrons. Lose 2 valence electrons to form a cation Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Cations of Group 1A elements always have a charge of 1+. Formation of Cations Cations of Group 1A elements always have a charge of 1+. Cations of Group 2A elements always have a charge of 2+. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

How does a cesium atom form a cation? A. By losing 2 electrons B. By gaining 1 electron C. By losing 1 electron D. By gaining 2 electrons Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

How does a cesium atom form a cation? A. By losing 2 electrons B. By gaining 1 electron C. By losing 1 electron D. By gaining 2 electrons Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of Anions Atoms of nonmetals and metalloids form anions by gaining enough valence electrons to attain the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of Anions Chlorine atoms need one more valence electron to achieve the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Halide ions: ions produced when atoms of halogens gain electrons Formation of Anions Halide ions: ions produced when atoms of halogens gain electrons All halogen atoms have 7 valence electrons and need to gain only 1 electron to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas. All halide ions (F–, Cl–, Br–, and I–) have a charge of 1–. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Oxygen is in Group 6A, and an oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. Formation of Anions Oxygen is in Group 6A, and an oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons. An oxygen atom attains the electron configuration of neon by gaining two electrons. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of Anions The name of an anion of a nonmetallic element is not the same as the element name. The name of the anion typically ends in -ide. Thus, a chlorine atom (Cl) forms a chloride anion (Cl–). An oxygen atom (O) forms an oxide anion (O2–). Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Interpret Data Some Common Anions Name Symbol Charge Fluoride F– 1– Chloride Cl– Bromide Br– Iodide I– Oxide O2– 2– Sulfide S2– Nitride N3– 3– Phosphide P3– Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Trends in Electronegativity Electronegativity – ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. .

END OF 7.1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.