FUTURE WATER USE AND THE CHALLENGE OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN BALKAN FEBRUARY 2013 Dr Vladan Bozovic - University of Montenegro

CORRECTION: Monte Negro

CORRECTION: Monte Negro

CORRECTION: Monte Negro Montenegro

FUTURE WATER USE AND THE CHALLENGE OF HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN BALKAN FEBRUARY 2013

WATTER RESOURCES OF MONTENEGRO

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE With an average outflow of 40 liters/sec/ km 2, volume expressed around 19, 5 km³/year, Montenegro is among 4 % of world territory with the highest average outflow m³/year belong to one citizen of Montenegro “Water preservation, as a precious natural resource, represents a basic coordination strategy of overall development of Montenegro as an ecological state.”

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE

In Montenegro, there are significant differences in the distribution and abundance of water resources - starting with arid karst areas to those that are rich in both surface and groundwater. The rivers drain into two basins: the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. Natural lakes are also an important water resource, the most significant of which are Biogradsko, Plav, Black, Šasko and the biggest one the Skadar Lake. The largest artificial reservoir is Piva Lake with a total accumulation capacity of 880 million m3. Other significant accumulations include the lakes of Slano, Krupac and Vrtac lake.

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE Water Quality in Montenegro ( 2012 ) source: EPA Montenegro

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE

Water quality – summary : The water quality of rivers, lakes, sea and groundwater is considered satisfactory. Prevailing pollutants in Montenegro are mainly the result of wastewater from point sources – settlements and industry. The quality of groundwater in natural conditions is classified as class I for the majority of the year (with the exception of coastal aquifers influenced by the sea). On the mainland, the quality of waters in aquifers of inter-granular structure is jeopardized at only a few locations, downstream from large settlements and industry. For a long time, this sector has been characterized by a lack of investment.

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE Measures and instruments: Water protection from pollution is a set of measures and procedures to maintain water quality, and promote to the level prescribed for use by individual purposes. Monitoring water protection is implemented on the basis of the Water Act (62% implementation of the WFD - Directive). On the basis of the Water Act the Regulation on the classification and categorization of surface and groundwater is passed in a manner that "the marginal value of quality," harmonized with Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water are intended for human consumption, Directive 75/440 and Directive 79 / 86/EEC.

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE The Rulebook on the detailed requirements in terms of security needs for the drinking water, which has implemented Directive 98/83 /EC. The Water Act provides the adoption of Plans of water management in water outflow area, which determine the elements of water management in water outflow area and will include the identification of water bodies intended for water supply, list of priority goals of environmental protection in terms of surface and ground water, programs of measures, methods and dynamic exercising goals established in the field of use and protection of water etc.

CLIMATE CHANGE

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE Montenegro’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The Energy sector is the main emitter of GHG with 49.9% share in total emissions, followed with Industiral processes with 35.5%, Agriculture 12.3% and Waste sector 2.3%. After the year 2070 there will be an increase in the temperature in the north of Montenegro by 4.8 degrees. Also, for more than 90% of the Montenegrin territory there is a forecast that there will be less rain, even up to 20% in some regions. One of the main negative effects of global warming is also the raise of the sea level. The upper level for sea level rise for the Adriatic sea for the period from 2071 until 2100 is predicted to be 35 cm.

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE Vulnerabilities Montenegro (caused by climate change) The yield of water sources will be reduced, and some springs will dry up or experience intermittent flow. The sources of water supply to cities will not have the capacity to meet the water demand. The capacity of accumulations used for industrial and commercial purposes will be reduced, as well as energy generation, whereby the imports of electricity will be increased. Generally speaking, climate change will certainly affect the condition of water resources, so that those will be generally reduced, consequently resulting in the reduction of reliability of their exploitation. The southern parts of Montenegro will be the most vulnerable to climate change.

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF MONTENEGRO

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE This represents the basis for the future analyses of the hydropower potential of the main watercourses individually and also tributaries, in all with the effort to integrally utilize this resource (Prof. dr. Ratko Mitrovic)

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE

With an average outflow of 40 liters/sec/ km 2, volume expressed around 19, 5 km³/year, Montenegro is among 4 % of world territory with the highest average outflow.

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE

HYDROPAWER PLANT ON MORACA RIVER The idea is supported by: Government of Montenegro Energy sector Industrial sector Opponents are: NGO organizations Academic sector (Universities)

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE With an average outflow of 40 liters/sec/ km 2, volume expressed around 19, 5 km³/year, Montenegro is among 4 % of world territory with the highest average outflow.

MONITORING ŽIVOTNE SREDINE 2009 PREGLED STANJA, OBAVEZE I PERSPEKTIVE THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION !