Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-2 Objectives  Identify organs and structures of the respiratory system.  Define and spell the word parts related to the respiratory system.  Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the respiratory system.  Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the respiratory system.

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-3 Respiratory System Function  Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and body cells.  The process is called respiration.  External respiration (breathing): Oxygen passes from lungs to blood (capillaries) and carbon dioxide passes from capillaries back into lungs to be expelled.  Internal respiration: The body cells take on oxygen from the blood and give back carbon dioxide, which is transported back to the lungs.

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-4 Organs of the Respiratory System

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-5 Organs of the Respiratory System  nose: lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air  pharynx (throat): serves as a food and air passageway  adenoid: lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity  tonsils: lymphoid tissue located behind the mouth

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-6 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont’d.)  larynx (voice box): location of the vocal cords  epiglottis: flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing and keeps food from entering the larynx  trachea: passageway for air to the bronchi

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-7 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont’d.)  bronchus: one of two branches from the trachea, which conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides (referred to as a bronchial tree).  bronchioles: smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree  alveoli: air sacs at the end of the bronchioles; oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through alveolar walls and capillaries

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-8 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont’d.)  lungs: 2 sponge-like organs in the thoracic cavity (right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes)  pleura: serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity  diaphragm: muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; aids in breathing  mediastinum: space between the lungs

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-9 Combining Forms for the Respiratory System  adenoid/o  alveol/o  bronchi/o, bronch/o  diaphragmat/o  epiglott/o  laryng/o  lob/o  nas/o, rhin/o  pharyng/o  pleur/o  pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o  pulmon/o

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-10 Combining Forms for the Respiratory System (cont’d.)  sept/o  sinus/o  thorac/o  tonsill/o  trache/o

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-11 Combining Forms Commonly Used with Respiratory System Terms  atel/o  capn/o  hem/o, hemat/o  muc/o  orth/o  ox/o, ox/i  py/o  spir/o

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-12 Prefixes  a-, an-  endo-  eu-  pan-  poly-  tachy-

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-13 Suffixes  -algia  -ar, -ary  -cele  -centesis  -eal  -ectasis  -emia  -graphy  -meter  -metry  -pexy

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-14 Suffixes (cont’d.)  -rrhagia  -scope  -scopic  -scopy  -spasm  -stenosis  -stomy  -thorax  -tomy

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-15 Clicker Question Which of the following is the combining form that means chest? a) -thorax b) -pexy c) thorac/o d) pleur/o

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-16 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts  adenoiditis  atelectasis  bronchiectasis  bronchitis  bronchogenic carcinoma  bronchopneumonia  diaphragmatocele  epiglottitis  hemothorax  laryngitis  laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)  lobar pneumonia  nasopharyngitis  pansinusitis  pharyngitis  pleuritis

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-17 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)  pneumatocele  pneumoconiosis  pneumonia  pneumonitis  pneumothorax  pulmonary neoplasm  pyothorax  rhinitis  rhinomycosis  rhinorrhagia  thoracalgia  tonsillitis  tracheitis  tracheostenosis

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-18 Atelectasis Showing Collapsed Alveoli

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-19 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts  adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)  asthma  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  coccidioidomycosis  cor pulmonale  croup  cystic fibrosis (CF)  deviated septum  emphysema  epistaxis  influenza (flu)

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-20 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)  Legionnaire disease  obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)  pertussis  pleural effusion  pulmonary edema  pulmonary embolism (PE)  tuberculosis (TB)  upper respiratory infection (URI)

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-21 Clicker Question Which of the following correctly labels the diagram? a) pneumothorax b) pleurothorax

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-22 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts  adenoidectomy  adenotome  bronchoplasty  laryngectomy  laryngoplasty  laryngostomy  laryngotracheotomy  lobectomy  pleuropexy  pneumobronchotomy  pneumonectomy

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-23 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)  rhinoplasty  septoplasty  septotomy  sinusotomy  thoracocentesis  thoracotomy  tonsillectomy  tracheoplasty  tracheostomy  tracheotomy

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-24 Clicker Question Which of the following correctly labels the diagram? a) thoracocentesis b) tracheoplasty

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 Lesson 5.2

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-26 Objectives  Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the respiratory system  Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the respiratory system.  Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the respiratory system.  Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-27 Types of Diagnostic Imaging Procedures  radiography: radiographic images of internal organs using ionizing radiation  nuclear medicine: scans using radioactive material to determine the functional capacity of an organ  ultrasound: sonograms, or echograms, using high- frequency sound waves to create an image of body organs  computed tomography (CT scans): computerized images of body organs in slices, horizontally  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans): gives information about the body’s biochemistry by placing the patient in a magnetic field

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-28 Other Types of Diagnostic Procedures  endoscopy: endoscopes, which are lighted, flexible instruments, are used for visual examination of a hollow organ or body cavity  laboratory: diagnostic procedures performed on specimens such as blood, tissue, sputum, and urine  pulmonary function tests: diagnostic tests performed to determine lung function

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-29 Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts  bronchoscope  bronchoscopy  capnometer  endoscope  endoscopic  endoscopy  laryngoscope  laryngoscopy  oximeter  polysomnography (PSG)  spirometer  spirometry  thoracoscope  thoracoscopy

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-30 Pulse Oximetry

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-31 Spirometer Capnometer Spirometer

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-32 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts  Diagnostic imaging  chest CT (computed tomography) scan  chest radiograph  ventilation-perfusion scanning  Laboratory  acid-bacilli (AFB) smear  Pulmonary function  arterial blood gases (ABGs)  pulmonary function tests (PFTs)  pulse oximetry  Other  PPD skin test

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-33 Clicker Question Which of the following is a diagnostic imaging term? a) pulse oximetry b) chest radiograph c) AFB smear d) PPD skin test

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-34 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts  acapnia  anoxia  aphonia  apnea  bronchoalveolar  bronchospasm  diaphragmatic  dysphonia  dyspnea  endotracheal  eupnea  hypercapnia  hyperpnea  hypocapnia  hypopnea  hypoxemia  hypoxia

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-35 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)  intrapleural  laryngeal  laryngospasm  mucoid  mucous  nasopharyngeal  orthopnea  phrenalgia  phrenospasm  pulmonary  pulmonologist  pulmonology  rhinorrhea  tachypnea  thoracic

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-36 Compare and Contrast  a/pne/a  dys/pne/a  eu/pne/a  hyper/pne/a  hypo/pne/a  orth/o/pne/a  tachy/pne/a

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-37 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts  airway  asphyxia  aspirate  bronchoconstrictor  bronchodilator  cough  hiccup  hyperventilation  hypoventilation  mucopurulent  mucus

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-38 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)  nebulizer  nosocomial infection  paroxysm  patent  sputum  ventilator

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-39 Clicker Question Acapnia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia are terms describing the amount of ______ in the blood. a) carbon dioxide b) oxygen

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-40 Abbreviations  ABGs  AFB  ARDS  CF  CO 2  COPD  CT  CXR  Flu  LLL  LTB  LUL  O 2  OSA

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-41 Abbreviations (cont’d.)  PE  PFTs  PSG  RLL  RUL  TB  URI  VPS

Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.5-42 Read Medical Terms In Use A 24-year-old man visited the emergency department because of dyspnea, hyperpnea, paroxysms of cough (kawf), and the presence of thick, tenacious mucus. He had a history of asthma since the age of 12 years. A chest radiograph was negative for pneumonia. Arterial blood gases showed hypoxemia but no hypercapnia. Pulmonary function tests disclosed bronchoconstriction, which was corrected by a bronchodilator. A nebulizer was prescribed for treatment. The asthma attack was probably precipitated by an episode of bronchitis.