Essential Question: I can define and describe fungi EQ: In what ways do fungi impact humans? LT: Students will be able to identify basic characteristics of fungi (reproduction, energy sources, and impact on humans) POU: I can define and describe fungi I can explain how fungi reproduce I can list ways in which fungi are helpful and harmful I can review what I have learned about viruses & bacteria.

F & R for Tuesday, 11/18 *Place on last page of Notebook* What are two things that make fungi unique? Voice Level “0”

Expectations

Frayer on 4 Words Due Friday Microbes Vocab 4 1. Microbe - – any organism or near life form that cannot be seen with the naked eye 2. Virus- A tiny non-living particle that enters and reproduces inside a living cell. They are composed on nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat. 3. Host – organism that provides energy (Example: human, dog, tomato) 4. Parasite an organism that is living on or in a host cell that causes harm to the host 5.Bacteria- single-celled organisms organisms that lack a nucleus, prokaryotic 6. Prokaryotic-organism that lacks a nucleus (has DNA) and other cell structures 7. Fungi- a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, use spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food. 8. Eukaryotic – has true nucleus and membrane bound organelles Frayer on 4 Words Due Friday

What type of mushroom likes to party? A “ Fungi”

2nd Quarter Table of Contents 1 Title Assignment # Microbe Vocab - Frayer on Back 4 Brainpop: Virus (Front) and Bacteria(Back) 5 Bacteria Growth Lab (2 pages) 6 Bacteria Notes 7 Virus vs Bacteria Venn 8 Brainpop: Fungi 9 Fungi Notes 10

Fungi Notes

Fungi More then 50,000 species belong to this kingdom. When you eat mushrooms, bread made with yeast, you are eating fungi.

Fungi Fungi-Eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic (can not use photosynthesis) organisms. Eukaryotic means it has a true nucleus & membrane bound organelles

Most are multi cellular heterotrophs Heterotroph means cannot make their own food like plants.

Growth Conditions They prefer moist warm places But they can grow in the coldest and hottest places on Earth. Live in water, soil, in or on other organism including humans.

Structure of Fungi Grow by producing fine tubelike threads called hyphae. Hyphae extends to soil or material they feed on. A mass of hyphae is called mycelium – usually looks white and fuzzy.

Fungi are made of hyphae (cells joined in thread-like strands) MODULAR GROWTH - FRAGMENTATION = ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION!!

Reproduction: They reproduce both sexually (produce spores) and asexually (budding).

Asexual Asexual reproduction – offspring arise from a single parent Asexual method is used when environmental conditions are good so they spread rapidly.

Asexual reproduction Which other organism uses this method?

Sexual Sexual reproduction – creation of a new organism by combining genetic material from two organisms When environment is under stress, sexual reproduction ensures genetic variation. So offspring will be suited for environment.

Mushrooms are for sexual reproduction. They produce spores Hyphae = the “bricks” from which the mushroom is built

Question The white mushrooms comprise how many fungal individuals? 1 42 420

Benefits to Fungi

Mycorrhizae “myco” = fungus and “rhiza” = root Symbiotic relationship (Mutualism) between plant roots and fungi. This helps to expand root size Types of mycorrhizae are defined by interface structures VAM - hyphae and arbuscules of an endomycorrhizal fungus in Asarum (wild ginger) (see Fig 15 in Brundrett & Kendrick 1988 Can. J. Bot. 66: 1153) Colonization of a root by an endomycorrhizal fungus. Note hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles. (Fig. 21 in Brundrett et al. 1985 Can. J. Bot. 63: 184-) ECTO - page 264 - dichotomous ectomycorrhizas (upper) and mycelial strands (lower) of Amanita muscaria on Pinus strobus.online Pictorial Supplement to The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 17 Mycorrhizae - mutualistic plant-fungus symbioses. Photo posted by Bryce Kendrick and Mycologue Publications. Other acknowledgements

Fungi expand the surface area available for nutrient uptake Put in scan of moore-landecker pine seedling over time Left: Pinus contorta infected with Suillus bovinus (2 weeks after transfer to chamber) Right: same seedling cohort three weeks later. (5 weeks after transfer)

What do fungi “eat?” Fungi are decomposers. They break down complex molecules into sugars or consume sugars found in environment Examples: common bread mold (absorbs carbs in bread) shelf fungi on logs (absorbs carbs in cell wall of wood) white button mushrooms in store (absorbs sugars and cellulose in dung) Examples common bread mold (eats carbs in bread) shelf fungi on logs (eats carbs in cell wall of wood) white button mushrooms in store (eat carbs in dung - simple sugars or cellulose in cell walls )

What would happen if wood was not decomposed? Tasmanian Forests, and logging activities in them All photos by Geoff Law unless otherwise credited http://www.lexicon.net/peterc/Tasmania/Tas01.htm

Fungi are important decomposers! Fungi are the only organisms that can completely decompose lignin (what makes wood hard) Lignin must be broken down before any other decomposition can occur (no fungi = no decomposition by anyone). Fungi also decompose cellulose to glucose and play a major role in the global carbon cycle. Fungi can break down lignin and cellulose (two most abundant organic molecules on earth) basiodiomycetes are only organisms that can break lignin down to CO2 lignin perioxidase breaks down lignin in “enzymatic combustion” removes electron from lignin molecule creating a free radical which leads to a series of uncontrolled and unpredictable reactions. Why have other organisms not evolved this ability? only save to do extracellularly. Very generalized enzyme (not specific) lignin highly variable molecule - combustion not used to harvest energy, purely to release cellulose from lignin matrix so can be digested. (Fungal “miners”)

Examples of foods made possible by fungi Cheese Rennin, blue cheese Soy sauce Tempeh Citric acid (soft drinks) Yeast Beer and Wine Bread Mushrooms White button, crimini,portabella Truffles, chanterelles Mycoprotein (food additive like tofu)

Fungi Make Medicines The antibiotic penicillin is produced by the fungus Penicillium. Cyclosporine, an important drug used to help fight the body’s rejection of transplanted organs, also is derived from a fungus.

Penicillium WWI, bacterial infections killed more soldiers than bullets. 1928 Dr. Andrew Fleming working at St. Mary’s Hospital in London noticed that mold growing on staph bacterial culture plates had killed the pathogen zone of dead bacteria The action of penicillin is seen in Figure A. This shows an 'overlay plate', in which a central colony of the fungus Penicillium notatum was allowed to grow on agar for 5-6 days, then the plate was overlaid with a thin film of molten agar containing cells of the yellow bacterium, Micrococcus luteus. The production of penicillin by the fungus has created a zone of growth inhibition of the bacterium. This demonstration parallels what Alexander Fleming would have observed originally, although he saw inhibition and cellular lysis of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Figure B shows the typical asexual sporing structures of a species of Penicillium. The spores are produced in chains from flask-shaped cells (phialides) which are found at the tips of a brush-like aerial structure. B&W is an actual photograph of Fleming’s dish (note clear lysed bacterial cells in zone around mold)

Penicillin kills bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize a cell wall. In this sequence, Escherichia coli were incubated in penicillin for 30 minutes. The bacteria lengthen, but cannot divide. Eventually the weak cell wall ruptures (last panel).

Why do fungi make antibiotics? Fungi produce antibiotics for the same reason we need them: to fight off bacterial infections

What else do fungi absorb? Predatory fungi, catch and digest other organisms can cause diseases Fig. 10-20. The nematophagus fungus Arthrobotrys candida. Fig. 10-21. Formation of a net-like trap by  Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fig. 10-22. Arthrobotrys brocophaga developing constricting ring traps. ADD TO DEFINITION OF FUNGI ON BOARD: 3. HETEROTROPHIC – CANNOT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD - DECOMPOSE COMPLEX MOLECULES INTO SUGAR - RECEIVE SUGAR FROM SYMBIOTIC PARTNER MYCORRHIZAE (PARTNER WITH PLANT) LICHENS (PARTNER WITH ALGAE OR CYANOBACTERIA) - PREDATORY – CATCH AND KILL OTHER ORGANISMS OR PARASITIC ON OTHER ORGANISMS But still absorptive nutrition! Just have to catch it first…

Fungal Diseases in agriculture Many sac fungi are well-known by farmers because they damage or destroy plant crops. Diseases caused by sac fungi include Dutch elm disease, apple scab, and ergot disease of rye. Smuts and rust are club fungi that cause billions of dollars worth of damage to food crops each year.

Fungi is a major concern because it attacks our food sources

Fungi that can cause diseases in Humans and Animals Ringworm and athlete’s foot are skin infections caused by species of imperfect fungi. Other fungi can cause respiratory infections.

Athlete’ s Foot

Video from WebMD on Ringworm and Athlete’s Foot http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/fungal-infections-12/default.htm

In addition Mold spores can cause mild to serious allergies in some people. Billions of mold spores can become airborne and may then be inhaled, triggering an allergic reaction.

Some fungi can grow to be several football fields in length. Article from Scientific America: Next time you purchase white button mushrooms at the grocery store, just remember, they may be cute and bite-size but they have a relative out west that occupies some 2,384 acres (965 hectares) of soil in Oregon's Blue Mountains. Put another way, this humongous fungus would encompass 1,665 football fields, or nearly four square miles (10 square kilometers) of turf.The discovery of this giant Armillaria ostoyae in 1998 heralded a new record holder for the title of the world's largest known organism, believed by most to be the 110-foot- (33.5-meter-) long, 200-ton blue whale. Based on its current growth rate, the fungus is estimated to be 2,400 years old but could be as ancient as 8,650 years, which would earn it a place among the oldest living organisms as well.

Do pine seedlings grow better with a mycorrhizal (fungal) partner? seedling weight (g) % survival seedling height (cm) Mycorrhizal fungi increase survival and growth of seedlings

Table Talk Looking at the POU, turn to your table partner and explain the “I can statements”

Summary of Fungi Do no move from place to place Cannot make their own food. Reproduce by releasing spores. Most are many celled and a few are single celled. Can cause disease that attack us as well as our food sources

Brainpop: Fungi 9 I think the two most important things about fungi are……. Watch video (No notes) Watch video (2x) (Take notes) Title: Summarization of Fungi Write a 2 sentence summary about the video I now know the most important things about fungi are…

Fungi Foldable