Biochemistry TG09S Carola Fortelius 2010

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Classes of biomolecules

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Carbohydrates

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Monosaccharides

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry

6 Chain or ring structure

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Ring structure

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Carbohydrate bonds

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Two important polysaccharides

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Starch

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Cellulose

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Difference in the bonds makes all the difference

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Lipids

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Lipids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Amino acids

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry different aa found in proteins

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Proteins

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Protein folding

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes What are they? Why do we need them? Examples?

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction Unchanged at the end of the reaction

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction Unchanged at the end of the reaction Need them

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Enzymes Globular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms Properties Specific Increase rate of the reaction Unchanged at the end of the reaction Need them Reactions too slow to maintain life Can’t increase temperatures/pressure in cells (fatal)

Enzymes Are Proteins The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the protein where the substrates bind.

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the protein where the substrates bind.

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Active site The active site involves a small number of key residues that actually bind the substrates The rest of the protein structure is needed to maintain these residues in position

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry How do enzymes work?

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Sucrose + H 2 O Glucose + Fructose Substrates Products

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry For a reaction to occur the sucrose and water would have to collide with enough energy to break and form bonds

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Sucrose + H 2 OGlucose + Fructose + + SubstratesProducts

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Energy Progress of reaction

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Energy Progress of reaction Substrates

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products High energy intermediate

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products High energy intermediate Activation energy

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry For a reaction to occur the sucrose and water would have to collide with enough energy to break and form bonds and This is the activation energy!

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry The minimum amount of energy needed to start the reaction, leading to the formation of a high energy intermediate = The activation energy

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Energy Progress of reaction Substrates Products High energy intermediate Activation energy Enzymes reduce the height of the energy barrier

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Nucleic acids

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry a. Sugar component

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry b. Base component

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry c. Phosphate

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry Polynucleotides

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry The genetic code

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry