1 What It Really Costs Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee

2 What Does it Cost? “ Web self-publishing … [is] poised to push old-school publishing giants aside ” “Everything’s digitized…[so] everyone here can get published” “Publish for free on the Internet”

3 Life Cycle of Scientific Information Through Scholarly Journal System Functions Role of Authors Role of Users Role of Abstracting and Indexing Services Role of Libraries and Information Centers Role of Publishers (4) Reproduction (11) Research & Information Creation (1) (2) Composition (3) Recording (5) Distribution (6) Acquisition & Storage (7) Organization & Control (8) Identification & Location (9) Physical Access (10) Assimilation By User The Generation of Knowledge Source: King, McDonald & Roderer 1981

4 Publishing Activities 1.Article Processing 2.Non-article processing 3. Journal Reproduction 4. Distribution 5.Publishing Support

5 Total Publishing Costs C A =C 1 I + C 2 P A M + (C 3 + C 4 )AP A + C 5 G C N =(C 6 + C 7 ) I + (C 8 + C 9 )P N C R = I [C 10 + (C 11 x P I ) + (C 12 +C 13 ) (S+O) + (C 14 + C 15 )P I x (S + O)] C D =C 16 I + (C 17 + C 18 )SI + C 19 S + C 20 SIP I C S = 0.35 (C A + C N ) (C R + C D ) + C M

6 Number of Subscribers Cost/print subscription E-savings 500 5,000 10,000 50,000 $993 $140 $93 $55 11% 37% 52% 84% The Minimum price necessary to recover costs at various levels of circulation

7 Comparison of Yearly Journal Costs (4800 Subscriptions) Total Costs Cost/Subscription $ 340,567 $ $ 559,535 $ $ 692,154 $

8 Decreases in Personal Subscriptions

9 Why Have Costs Increased? 1)Increase in Articles, Issues, “ Pages ” 2) Start-up E-system costs 3) Higher labor costs 4) Living in a dual-mode publishing world

10 Journal Characteristics Issues Articles Mss. Total pages

11 Costs for a 500-Subscriber Print Journal Reproduction/ Distribution 11% Fixed (front-end) 89% -- Intellectual/Editorial 75%

12 Costs for a 50,000-Subscriber Print Journal Reproduction/ Distribution 89% Fixed (front-end) 11%

13 Is a Subscription Model Obsolete?

14 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor

15 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor

16 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher

17 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor

18 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer

19 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia

20 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library

21 Publishing Chain Reader Author

22 Scholarly Publishing at the Crossroads SPARC Society Publishers Commercial Publishers BioMed Central Institutional Repositories E-Print Service Self-Archives

23 Who Pays Authors Universities Another not-for-profit body Advertisers

24 Attributes of Scholarly Publishing Authority Quality Accessibility Longevity Priority and Recognition