The Road to the Atlantic Revolutions 15 th – 18 th centuries

1. The Renaissance G G“rebirth” of classical learning associated with the Italian city- states GRenaissance humanism put emphasis on the greatness of man & led to a growing secularism in society.

2. Protestant Reformation GMassive schism in Western Christendom (16 th c.) GEncouraged skepticism toward authority & tradition

3. The Scientific Revolution GMid-16 th c. through early 18 th c. GFundamentally altered ideas about the place of humankind w/in the universe GKnowledge & truth could be derived through the scientific method

4. The Age of “ Enlightenment ” Ga.k.a. Age of Reason (18 th c.) GScientific methods could be used to discover natural laws that govern human society GGave birth to the ideas of the “individual”, human rights & liberties, and the notion of progress. “DARE “DARETOKNOW!” TOKNOW!”

ECHOES of the Atlantic Revolutions

What is an Ideology? GIdeology  sets of political ideas or philosophies that take root so firmly that political action of some sort or another follows GThe Atlantic Revolutions gave birth to three new political ideologies that would echo throughout the 19 th c. and beyond…  Nationalism  Liberalism  Conservatism

19 th c. Ideologies of Change 1. Nationalism  Idea that humans are divided into separate nations, each with a distinct culture & territory & deserving an independent political life. 2. Liberalism  political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from gov’t restraint & that civil liberties – the basic rights of all people – should be protected. 3. Conservativism  political philosophy based on tradition & social stability, favoring obedience to political authority & organized religion.

“ Third of May 1808 ” by Goya

American Women ’ s Suffrage Parade, 1912

Echoes of Revolution 1. The Abolition of Slavery  Largely ended around world ( )  Reasons  fear of rebellion, economic inefficiency, & moral concerns  Little improvement in economic lives of former slaves (ex. sharecroppers in the U.S.)  Large #’s of indentured servants from India & China imported to work on plantations. 2. Feminist Beginnings  Feminist movement developed in 19 th c.  Focused mostly on suffrage by 1870s  Women had gained more opportunities in education & rights to property & divorce (1900)  Led to discussion of role of women in society