Carbonyl Compounds

a Compounds that contain the carbonyl group Aldehydes Ketones Carboxyllic Acids Esters

Aldehyde Nomenclature 1. Name the compound, numbering so that the aldehyde group is #1. 2. Remove the “e” ending and add the “al” ending.

Aldehyde Examples Ex.1 IUPAC Name: (common name is formaldehyde) Ex.2 (common name is acetaldehyde)

Aldehyde Examples Cont.

2. Number the carbonyl carbon as low as possible. Ketone Nomenclature 1. Name the compound. 2. Number the carbonyl carbon as low as possible. 3. Remove the “e” and add the ending “one”.

Ketone Examples Ex. 1 IUPAC Name: (common name is acetone) Ex.2

Ketone Examples (cont)

Sometimes common names are retained in which the two alkyl groups are named, followed by the word “ketone” Ex. 1

More Ketone Examples Ex.2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4

Carboxylic Acids Contain the carboxyl group; a combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl Carboxylic acids are abundant in nature and many are known by their common names. The common names were derived from either a Latin or Greek name that indicated the original source of the acid.

Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature 1. Name the alkyl group, numbering the carboxyl carbon as #1. 2. Remove the “e” ending and add “oic acid”.

Carboxylic Acid Examples IUPAC Name: (common name formic acid) Ex. 2 (common name acetic acid)

More Carboxylic Acid Examples

More Carboxylic Acid Examples IUPAC Name: (common name oxalic acid) Ex.6 (common name salicylic acid)

Esters Nomenclature Derivatives of carboyxlic acids in which the OH group is replaced by an “O-R” group 1. Name the “esterified” group (the group attached to the oxygen) first 2. Name the parent acid 3. Remove the “-ic acid” ending and add “-ate”

Ester Examples Ex. 1 Ex. 2

More Ester Examples Ex. 3 Ex. 4

More Ester Examples Ex. 5 Ex. 6

Esters are usually rather pleasant smelling substances which are responsible for the flavor and fragrance of many fruits & flavorings Ex.; Ethyl formate – artificial rum flavor Octyl acetate – oranges Pentyl butyrate – apricots Pentyl acetate – bananas Ethyl butyrate – pineapples Methyl salicylate – oil of wintergreen