Petroleum C Petroleum as a Building Source

Petrochemicals  Early 1800’s the only materials that were used were “found materials” - materials that occurred naturally (wood, stone etc)  Now, most of our products are created by materials that the people from 1800’s have never seen.  Early 1800’s the only materials that were used were “found materials” - materials that occurred naturally (wood, stone etc)  Now, most of our products are created by materials that the people from 1800’s have never seen.

Petrochemicals  Petrochemicals - compounds produced from oil or natural gas.  Some materials use petrochemicals directly  Detergents  Pesticides  Pharmaceuticals  Cosmetics  Petrochemicals - compounds produced from oil or natural gas.  Some materials use petrochemicals directly  Detergents  Pesticides  Pharmaceuticals  Cosmetics

Petrochemicals  Polymer - a molecule with many repeating single units called monomers.  repeating monomers  Polymer - a molecule with many repeating single units called monomers.  repeating monomers

Petrochemicals  Petrochemicals are used mainly in the process of making most materials today.  These include plastics  Paints  Fabrics  Rubber  Insulation  Foams  Adhesives  Molding  Structural materials  Petrochemicals are used mainly in the process of making most materials today.  These include plastics  Paints  Fabrics  Rubber  Insulation  Foams  Adhesives  Molding  Structural materials

Petrochemicals  It takes very few builder molecules (small-molecule compounds) to produce many different substances.  Ethene is a great builder molecule!!  Double covalent bond between C’s.  It takes very few builder molecules (small-molecule compounds) to produce many different substances.  Ethene is a great builder molecule!!  Double covalent bond between C’s.

Addition Reaction  Addition reaction - adds water (OH and H) to each C atom  Ethene - the double bond is broken  Addition reaction - adds water (OH and H) to each C atom  Ethene - the double bond is broken

Polymers  Polymer - a long chained substance that often repeats itself.  Again, ethene is a great builder molecule  Polyethylene (polyethylene) is an addition polymer - a polymer made by many repeating units of itself  Monomer is the single unit that repeats or makes up the polymer. (ethene)  Polymer - a long chained substance that often repeats itself.  Again, ethene is a great builder molecule  Polyethylene (polyethylene) is an addition polymer - a polymer made by many repeating units of itself  Monomer is the single unit that repeats or makes up the polymer. (ethene)

Addition Polymers

CFO Plastic Recycling  Do Recycle: Clear and colored plastic bottles (P.E.T.E. and H.D.P.E)*  Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE)  High Density Polyethylene  Don't Recycle: Cottage cheese and yogurt containers - Margarine and sour cream containers  Tips:  Discard caps and lids - Labels need not be removed - Rinse and drain - place in green bag / blue container co-mingled with aluminum / tin / metal cans and plastic.  Do Recycle: Clear and colored plastic bottles (P.E.T.E. and H.D.P.E)*  Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE)  High Density Polyethylene  Don't Recycle: Cottage cheese and yogurt containers - Margarine and sour cream containers  Tips:  Discard caps and lids - Labels need not be removed - Rinse and drain - place in green bag / blue container co-mingled with aluminum / tin / metal cans and plastic.

CFO Plastic Recycling  Plastic is Recycled into:  Plastic lumber - Boat docks - Landscape ties - Fiberfil - Carpet Backing  * P.E.T in polyethylene terephalate (soft drink bottles)  * H.D.P.E is high density polyethylene (clear milk jugs, distilled and spring water, punch drink bottles and colored container such as Tide, Downy, Ivory, etc.)  Plastic is Recycled into:  Plastic lumber - Boat docks - Landscape ties - Fiberfil - Carpet Backing  * P.E.T in polyethylene terephalate (soft drink bottles)  * H.D.P.E is high density polyethylene (clear milk jugs, distilled and spring water, punch drink bottles and colored container such as Tide, Downy, Ivory, etc.)

Polymer Structure and Properties  Page

Carbon atom  The C atom can form four bonds naturally.  Alkane - hydrocarbon with single bonds between all carbons  Alkene - hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between C atoms.  More reactive than alkanes because of double bond - they make better builder molecules.  The single and double bonds between C’s are covalent bonds - occur between two nonmetals that share electrons  The C atom can form four bonds naturally.  Alkane - hydrocarbon with single bonds between all carbons  Alkene - hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between C atoms.  More reactive than alkanes because of double bond - they make better builder molecules.  The single and double bonds between C’s are covalent bonds - occur between two nonmetals that share electrons

Saturated molecule  Saturated molecule has single bonds between C’s and is “saturated” with H’s.

Unsaturated Molecule  Unsaturated molecule - involves at least one double bond between two C’s thus not being “saturated” with H’s.  A type of alkene  Unsaturated molecule - involves at least one double bond between two C’s thus not being “saturated” with H’s.  A type of alkene

Substituted Alkene  Substituted alkenes have one other element in addition to C and H.

Double and Triple bonds in hydrocarbons  Alkanes - a hydrocarbon with single bonds between all C’s.  C n H 2n+2  Examples: C 2 H 6, C 8 H 18  Alkenes - hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between two C’s  C n H 2n  Examples: C 3 H 6, C 5 H 10  Alkanes - a hydrocarbon with single bonds between all C’s.  C n H 2n+2  Examples: C 2 H 6, C 8 H 18  Alkenes - hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between two C’s  C n H 2n  Examples: C 3 H 6, C 5 H 10

Double and Triple bonds in hydrocarbons  Alkynes - hydrocarbons with at lest one triple bond between two C’s  Ethyne (acetylene) - is a commercially important alkyne. Blowtorches/welding  C 2n H 2n-2  Examples: C 2 H 2, C 5 H 8  Alkynes - hydrocarbons with at lest one triple bond between two C’s  Ethyne (acetylene) - is a commercially important alkyne. Blowtorches/welding  C 2n H 2n-2  Examples: C 2 H 2, C 5 H 8

Alkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

Cycloalkanes  Take a straight chained alkane, remove a H from each end and attach the two end C’s = cycloalkane  Saturated molecules  Take a straight chained alkane, remove a H from each end and attach the two end C’s = cycloalkane  Saturated molecules

Cycloalkanes CYCLOHEXANE

Aromatic Compounds  Aromatic compounds are ring structures  Unsaturated  Must have a double or triple bond somewhere  Benzene is a common, commercially important, aromatic compound.  Aromatic compounds are ring structures  Unsaturated  Must have a double or triple bond somewhere  Benzene is a common, commercially important, aromatic compound.

Aromatic Compounds - benzene

Builder Molecules containing Oxygen  Functional Group - an atom or a group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to an organic molecule.  Alcohols - have an -OH off the main branch  R-OH  R represents the rest of the organic molecule  -OH represents the the functional group in this case, alcohol.  Functional Group - an atom or a group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to an organic molecule.  Alcohols - have an -OH off the main branch  R-OH  R represents the rest of the organic molecule  -OH represents the the functional group in this case, alcohol.

Alcohol (ethanol)

Builder molecules containing oxygen  Carboxylic Acids

Builder molecules containing oxygen - esters

Condensation Reactions Carboxylic acid + alcohol condensation polymer + H 2 O Water is produced!! Carboxylic acid + alcohol condensation polymer + H 2 O Water is produced!!