How are molecules depicted? Ch. 9, sections 3 & 4.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chemical Bonding and Interactions
Advertisements

Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds.  Many chemical compounds are composed of molecules.  A molecule is a neutral group of atoms that are held.
8.1 Chemical Bonds, Lewis Symbols, and the Octet Rule
Unit 7 (last one!!!!) Chapters 8, Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding Molecular.
Covalent Bonding Chapter 9.
Covalent Compounds. Why do atoms bond? When a + nucleus attracts electrons of another atom Or oppositely charged ions attract( ionic bonds-metals and.
HONORS REVIEW.  What are valence electrons?  What are valence electrons Electrons in the outermost energy level.
Covalent Bonds The joy of sharing!.
1 Oxidation Numbers: Rules 1)The oxidation number of the atoms in any free, uncombined element, is zero 2)The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms.
Topic 5: Bonding 5.4: Covalent Bonding AIM:. Do Now Draw the Lewis dot structure for magnesium Draw the Lewis dot structure for a magnesium ion Draw the.
Advanced Chemistry Ms. Grobsky. Bonding is the interplay between interactions between atoms Energetically favored Electrons on one atom interacting with.
Covalent Bonding. Lesson 1:Covalent Bonding Covalent bonds: atoms held together by sharing electrons. Mostly formed between nonmetals Molecules: neutral.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Chapter 12 Sec Chapter 12 Sec
Chapter 12: Chemical Bonding
Chapter 11 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms Objectives: Describe the trends in the periodic table Describe the trends in the periodic.
The Octet Rule All atoms “want” a full valence shell of e- This makes them more stable, like the Noble Gases, which have 8e-, a full valence shell. For.
Section 8.1 The Covalent Bond
Molecular Geometry And Polarity.
Covalent Bonding. Lesson 1:Covalent Bonding Covalent bonds: atoms held together by sharing electrons. Molecules: neutral group of atoms joined together.
Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding. The Covalent Bond Atoms will share electrons in order to form a stable octet. l Covalent bond : the chemical bond that results.
I Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bond  attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them together as a unit  bonds form in order to…  decrease potential.
Chapter 11: Chemical Bonding Chemistry 1020: Interpretive chemistry Andy Aspaas, Instructor.
Naming Molecules Ch. 9, Section 2: pg Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 1.The first element is always named first, using the entire element name.
Chapter 11: Chemical Bonding Chemistry 1020: Interpretive chemistry Andy Aspaas, Instructor.
Covalent Bonding Chapter 9. Why do atoms bond? Atoms want to attain a full outer energy level of electrons. For hydrogen and helium, this requires 2 valence.
Chapter 5 Molecular Compounds.
Chapter 6.  Vocabulary page 226  Section 6.1 Reading, 10 questions and their answers, pages
Bonding Unit Learning Goal #1: Analyze the relationship between the valence (outermost) electrons of an atom and the type of bond formed between atoms.
Chemical Bonding Unit 4.  Imagine getting onto a crowded elevator. As people squeeze into the confined space, they come in contact with each other. Many.
Molecular Shape and Polarity The Importance of Geometry in Determining Physical Properties.
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding. Section 9.1 Atoms bond together because they want a stable electron arrangement consisting of a full outer energy level. Atoms.
Unit 5-K: Chemical Bonding
Chemistry 11 Resource: Chang’s Chemistry Chapter 9.
Section 12.1 Characteristics of Chemical Bonds 1.To learn about ionic and covalent bonds and explain how they are formed 2.To learn about the polar covalent.
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding.
Chemical Bonding. Although we have talked about atoms and molecules individually, the world around us is almost entirely made of compounds and mixtures.
Organic Chemistry The study of the compounds of carbon Over 10 million compounds have been identified C is a small atom ◦ it forms single, double, and.
Chapter 6 Covalent Compounds. 6.1 Covalent Bonds  Sharing Electrons  Covalent bonds form when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons  nucleus of.
Covalent Compounds Chapter Covalent Bonds. Covalent Bond The sharing of electrons between atoms Forms a molecule To have stable (filled) orbitals.
CHAPTER 4 Covalent Molecules General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith.
Chapter 6 Chemical Bonding. Bonding Theory and Electronegativity Atoms want to achieve noble gas configuration- 8 valence e- Some elements have stronger.
COVALENT BONDING Chapter 6, Sections 1&2. Electronegativity  A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another.
Covalent Bonding. Covalent Bond Chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons.
CHAPTER 8 Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding. Introduction Attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds are called chemical bonds. The electrons.
Chemical Bonding. Chemical Bonds A bond is a force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit. A bond is a force.
Intro to Bonding: Part 2: Covalent Compounds (Type 3 Binary Compounds)
Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding. I. The Covalent Bond A. Why do atoms bond? When two atoms need to gain electrons, they can share electrons to acquire a noble-
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Fourth Edition Karen Timberlake 5.5 Covalent Compounds: Sharing Electrons Chapter 5 Compounds and Their Bonds.
Unit 6: Chemical Bonding Refer to Ch. 8 & 9 for supplemental reading.
Bonding. Bond The force that holds two atoms (ions) together. Bonding releases energy – Exothermic.
Chapter 9: Covalent Bonding. Review Noble gases are the most stable –Have full outer energy level –Do not react with other elements to form bond Metals.
Section 12.3 Lewis Structures 1.To learn to write Lewis structures 2.To learn to write Lewis structures for molecules with multiple bonds Objectives.
Ch. 8 Covalent Bonding Pre AP Chemistry. I. Molecular Compounds  A. Molecules & Molecular Formulas  1. Another way that atoms can combine is by sharing.
Unit 11 - Bonding Types of Chemical Bonds Electronegativity Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments Stable Electron Configurations Lewis Structures Lewis Structures.
Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts. Chapter 8 Questions to Consider  What is meant by the term “chemical bond”?  Why do atoms bond with each other.
Chemical bonds. Bonding, the way atoms are attracted to each other to form molecules, determines nearly all of the chemical properties we see. Chemical.
COVALENT BONDING & CHEMICAL FORMULA
NATURE OF COVALENT BONDS 8.2 Cont’d. The difference…
Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonding
Types of chemical bonds
6.6 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
Chemical Bonding.
Chapter Six Representing Molecules
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
Chapter 8 Covalent Bonding.
Chapter 12 Chemical bonding.
Lesson Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
Chapter 8 Molecular Compounds.
Presentation transcript:

How are molecules depicted? Ch. 9, sections 3 & 4

Lewis electron-dot structures b 1. Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are involved in bonding, both ionic and covalent. b 2. These outer-level electrons are called VALENCE ELECTRONS. b 3. A LEWIS STRUCTURE represents the valence electrons in a molecule.

The diatomic hydrogen molecule (H 2 ) is the simplest model of a covalent bond, and is represented in Lewis structures as: b b The shared pair of electrons provides each hydrogen atom with two electrons in its valence shell (the 1s) orbital.   In a sense, it has the electron configuration of the noble gas helium

When two chlorine atoms covalently bond to form Cl 2, the following sharing of electrons occurs: b b Each chlorine atom shared the bonding pair of electrons and achieves the electron configuration of the noble gas argon.

b b In Lewis structures the bonding pair of electrons is usually displayed as a line, and the unshared electrons as dots:

The shared electrons are not located in a fixed position between the nuclei. In the case of the H 2 compound, the electron density is concentrated between the two nuclei: b b The two atoms are bound into the H 2 molecule mainly due to the attraction of the positively charged nuclei for the negatively charged electron cloud located between them

How do we represent more-complicated molecules with Lewis structures, such as CH 3 I ? b 1. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the compound. b 1 C atom with 4 electrons = 1 x 4 = 4 b 3 H atoms with 1 electron = 3 x 1 = 3 b 1 I atom with 7 electrons = 1 x 7 = 7 b Total # valence electrons =14

2. Determine which element will be the central atom. b The central atom is the element that *has the lowest electronegativity or *has the lowest electronegativity or *is the only single element or *is the only single element or *Hydrogen and the halides are usually NOT the central atom. *Hydrogen and the halides are usually NOT the central atom.

In the compound, CH 3 I, carbon has the lowest electronegativity so it will be in the middle. H H C I H H H C I H

3. Place two electrons in each bond. A BOND is the space between the central atom and the other atoms around it. (Electrons are found in pairs and by doing this, you are pairing them up.) b Look on the chalk board as I draw this for you. (I couldn’t figure out how to draw it on this powerpoint!!!!!)

4. Complete the octets of the atoms attached to the central atom by adding electrons in pairs. b See the chalk board again! (You should be writing these examples down as I write them on the white board.)

5. Place any remaining electrons on the central atom in pairs. b REMEMBER! The total electrons in the Lewis structure MUST equal the number of electrons in step #1!!!!!!!!! b See the chalk board again!

6. Now, replace each electron pair attaching the central atom to the outer atoms with a line. Each line represents where the electrons are shared. b For example: H : O : H H : O : H would be written as would be written as H - O - H H - O - H

Draw Lewis Structures for the following compounds: b 1. NF 3 b 2. SiCl 4 b 3. ClF b 4. CCl 2 F 2 b 5. HOCl

7. If the central atom does not have an octet after you have equaled out the dots and # of valence electrons, form double or triple bonds to give the central atom 8 electrons. b b Multiple bonds b b The sharing of a pair of electrons represents a single covalent bond, usually just referred to as a single bond b b In many molecules atoms attain complete octets by sharing more than one pair of electrons between them. b b Two electron pairs share a double bond b b Three electron pairs share a triple bond

Example of a TRIPLE BOND is below. b b Because each nitrogen contains 5 valence electrons, they need to share 3 pairs to each achieve a valence octet.

Resonance Structures b nding/Resonan/Bond07.htm nding/Resonan/Bond07.htm nding/Resonan/Bond07.htm

Draw Lewis Structures for the following compounds:  6. O 2 (multiple bonds)  7. CS 2 (multiple bonds)  8. HCN (multiple bonds)  9. SO 2 (resonance)  10. O 3 (resonance)

Exceptions to the Octet Rule 1. Molecules with an odd # of valence electrons EX: NO 2 ClO 2 ClO 2 NO NO 2. Compounds with fewer than 8 valence electrons present (this is very rare) EX: BH 3

3. Compounds in which the central atom has more than 8 valence electrons -- called an EXPANDED OCTET ; occurs in energy levels of elements in period 3 and up **Extra lone pairs are added to the central atom OR more than 4 bonding atoms are present. EX: IF 4 PCl 5 PCl 5

VSEPR Model : Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model b Based on an arrangement that minimizes the repulsion of shared and unshared pairs of electrons around the central atom b READ pages 259 – 261. b Look at Table 9-3 as you read. b Complete #49 – 53 on pg. 262.

Electronegativity and Polarity b Electronegativity indicates the relative ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. b It generally increases as the atomic number increases ACROSS A PERIOD and generally decreasesas you go DOWN A GROUP. b It generally increases as the atomic number increases ACROSS A PERIOD and generally decreases as you go DOWN A GROUP.

Polar or Nonpolar??????????? b Identical atoms, like N 2, have an electronegativity difference of zero, and the electrons in the bond are equally shared between the two atoms. This is a b Identical atoms, like N 2, have an electronegativity difference of zero, and the electrons in the bond are equally shared between the two atoms. This is a NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND, or a PURE COVALENT BOND. b A covalent bond between atoms of different elements does not have equal sharing of the electron pair, due to the difference in electronegativity.

b Unequal sharing results in a. The shared electrons are pulled toward one of the atoms and spend more time around that atom than the other atom. Partial charges occur at the ends of the bond. This bond is often referred to as a (two poles). b Unequal sharing results in a POLAR COVALENT BOND. The shared electrons are pulled toward one of the atoms and spend more time around that atom than the other atom. Partial charges occur at the ends of the bond. This bond is often referred to as a dipole (two poles). b To determine if the bond is or, you must look at the shape of the molecule. Draw the molecular structure, using what you know from Table 9-3. b To determine if the bond is polar or nonpolar, you must look at the shape of the molecule. Draw the molecular structure, using what you know from Table 9-3. b SYMMETRIC MOLECULES ARE USUALLY NONPOLAR AND ASYMMETRIC ARE POLAR AS LONG AS THE BOND TYPE IS POLAR.

Do #60 – 63 on page 266. Do #60 – 63 on page 266.