What are the different parts of a neuron? Dendrites Cell body Axon Axon terminal Myelin sheath

What is a neurotransmitter? Substance released at axon terminals Stimulates muscle contraction Stimulates nerve impulse

What is your central nervous system? Brain Spinal Cord

What is the function of your Autonomic Nervous System? Inovluntary Response Emotional (Fight/Flight): –Increased adrenaline –Increase sweat –Pupil dilation –Increased heart and respiratory rate Natural –Digestion –Excretion

What is a neuron like at resting potential? Inside less positive  Less K+ ions Outside more positive  More Na+ ions

What is the spinal cord? Middle man between body and brain Contains motor pathways Contains sensory pathways

What are unipolar neurons? Cell body away from dendrites Sends sensory / afferent messages to CNS

What are multipolar neurons? Cell body directly off of dendrites Sends motor/efferent messages from CNS to body

What do you use Broca’s Area for? Speech production Complicated speech

What does your occipital lobe do? Vision Combines images to form complete picture

What does your temporal lobe do? Visual + Auditory Memory

What is your cerebellum for? Coordinates muscle movement Makes movement smooth

What are your thalamus and hypothalamus used for? Maintaining fluid-ion levels Maintaining salt levels

Describe the pathway for an involuntary, natural response: Sensory  CNS  Motor  Autonomic  Parasympathetic

Describe the pathway for an involuntary, emotional response: Sensory  CNS  Motor  Autonomic  Sympathetic

Describe the pathway for a voluntary response: Sensory  CNS  Motor  Somatic

What are the events in a nerve impulse? Neurotransmitter  Opening of Na+ channels  Na+ flows into neuron  Opening of K+ channels  K+ flows out of neuron

What are junctions? Space between… 2 neurons 1 neuron + 1 muscle (effector organ)

What are different ways to describe a nerve impulse? Electrical current Flow of charged particles Movement of ions Movement of sodium in, and potassium out

What are neurons? Nerve cells The dendrites receive incoming messages The cell body integrates incoming messages The axon sends messages out The axon terminal is the end of outgoing messages

What happens with your iris when you go from a dark  bright room? Iris contracts Decreases amount of light entering eye

What happens to your iris when you go from a bright  dark room? Iris relaxes Increases amount of light entering eye

What is myopia? Nearsightedness Bulging or Enlarged Cornea Light overfocused

How do you fix myopia? Lens which is thinner in the middle Spreads out light rays

What is hyperopia? Farsightedness Flattened cornea Light underfocused

How can you fix hyperopia? Lens that is thicker in the middle Will condense light rays

What is the sclera? Outermost, white tissue of eye

What is the choroid? Made of dark pigments Keeps light inside eye

What is the pupil? Hole in the iris Lets light into the eye

What is the iris? Colored ring around pupil Contracts + Relaxes to control amount of light entering eye

What is the optic nerve? Connected between Retina + Brain Relays visual impulses

What’s another word for afferent? sensory

What’s another word for efferent? motor

What are some involuntary organs? Intestines Stomach Heart Glands Kidneys

What are some voluntary organs? Skeletal muscle

List out the tissues of the eye: Outermost = Sclera Choroid Innermost = Retina

What could cause sound waves to not get to your cochlea? Damage to hammer, anvil and stirrup Damage to ear drum (tympanic membrane)

What does the basilar membrane respond to? Changes in pitch

What does your otolithic membrane respond to? Changes in static equilibrium Head upright or not

What does your endolymph fluid + cap respond to? Changes in dynamic equilibrium Head twisting and turning?

What is conduction deafness? Temporary Damage to tympanic membrane, hammer- anvil-stirrup

What is sensorineural deafness? Permanent damage Damage to receptor hairs Damage to cochlea Caused by disease, virus, genetics

Describe the process of smelling: Smell = organic molecules Organic molecules dissolve in nose mucus Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs

Where do you taste something sweet? Very front tip of tongue Taste monosaccharides (sugars)

Where do you taste something sour? Back Sides of tongue Taste acidic, hydrogen ions in food

Where do you taste something salty? Front sides of tongue Taste metallic ions in food

Where do you taste something bitter? Very back of tongue Taste alkaline or nitrogenous compounds in food

Which receptors pick up on changes in temperature? thermoreceptors

Which receptors pick up on pain? nociceptors

Which receptors pick up on deep vibrations? paccinian

KNOW THIS DIAGRAM!