Artificial Retina Imaging for the Sight Impaired By: Danny Alvarez 4/29/15 Artificial retina imaging has made great improvements in the last decade, and is poised to make an even larger advancement in the near future. In the future those with retina damage caused by retinitis pigmentation could once again see in 20/20.

Outline Anatomy of the Eye Argus Bio-Retina Other Solutions Future Solutions Summary References Key Concepts Questions

Anatomy of the Eye Cornea Retina Optic Nerve Brain Image enters Image is converted Optic Nerve Image is transmitted Brain Image is perceived

Anatomy of the Eye Causes of Blindness retinitis pigmentosa macular degeneration

Argus Mark Humayun Artificial Retina Project Second Sight Developer

Argus Argus I Developed in 2002 16 electrode array 1 inch package Argus II Developed in 2006 FDA Approved 2013 60 electrode array

Argus

Bio-Retina Nano-Retina Has wireless charger Company founded in 2009 Much cheaper Has wireless charger Poly-Si TFTs

Bio-Retina Glasses produce IR beam 576 electrode array 3x4 mm circuit Single photovoltaic cell

Benefits Argus FDA Approved Easier to update Bio-Retina Full Line of Sight Low Energy Cheaper Clearer Sight

Other Solutions Stem Cells Drug Therapy Gene Therapy

Future Solutions EYE HMOX 15/10 vision Hope to begin process in 2027 3 models EYE Heal EYE Enhance EYE Advance

Summary Can only assist with certain types of blindness Current vision is very crude Expected advances in the near future Only Argus FDA approved Very expensive

References Matsumora, A. "Artificial Retina Using Poly-Si TFTs Driven by Wireless Power Supply." IEEE Xplore. IEEE, 11 May 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpl%2Flogin.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D6218615%26tag%3D1%26url%3Dhttp%253A %252F%252Fieeexplore.ieee.org%252Fstamp%252Fstamp.jsp%253Ftp%253D%2526arnumber%253D6218615%2526tag%253D1>. Anthony, Sebastian. "The laser-powered bionic eye that gives 576-pixel grayscale vision to the blind."ExtremeTech.com. Ziff Davis, LLC, 12 July 2012. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. <http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/132918-the-laser-powered-bionic- eye-that-gives-576-pixel- grayscale-vision-to-the-blind>. Cameron, Adam. "Biotech Startup Wants to Bioprint Superhuman Eyeballs." Tech Gen Mag. N.p., 22 Apr. 2015. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://techgenmag.com/2015/04/22/bioprinting-superhuman-eyeballs/>. How the Artificial Retina Works." Artificial Retina Project. N.p., 8 Jan. 2008. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://artificialretina.energy.gov/howartificialretinaworks.shtml>. "How Your Eyes Work." How Your Eyes Work. American Optometric Association, n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.aoa.org/patients- and-public/resources-for- teachers/how-your-eyes-work>. "Mission." Second Sight. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://2-sight.eu/en/home-en>.

References Puiu, Tibi. "Argus 2 bionic eye implant to receive firmware update." ZME Science. N.p., 8 Aug. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://www.zmescience.com/medicine/bionic- eye-argus-2-update-04232/#!FOWAR>. Thukral, Hitesh. "Bio-Retina to Enter Clinical Trials in 2013." Techno World. N.p., July 2012. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. <http://techwrldinfo.blogspot.com/2012_07_01_archive.html>. "What is Retinitis Pigmentosa." Foundation Fighting Blindess. N.p., n.d. Web. . <http://www.blindness.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=50&Itemid=67>. White, Ronald. "Bionic eye maker has vision of the future." LAtimes. N.p., 27 Apr. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. <http://2- sight.eu/images/stories/2- sight/pdf/20130427_latimes_bionic_eye.pdf>.

Key Concepts Retinitis Pigmentosa and Macular Degeneration are only causes that are eligible Very crude resolution currently Currently only one FDA approved but more options to come Electric pulses used to excite optic nerve and interpret light Differences in Argus and Bio-Retina

Questions?